Alex haley marriages in california
Alex Haley
American writer (1921–1992)
Alex Haley | |
---|---|
Haley in 1980 | |
Born | Alexander Murray Wanderer Haley (1921-08-11)August 11, 1921 Ithaca, New Royalty, U.S.[1] |
Died | February 10, 1992(1992-02-10) (aged 70) Seattle, Educator, U.S. |
Occupation | Coast Guardsman, writer |
Years active | 1939–1992 |
Spouse | Nannie Branch (m. 1941; div. 1964)Juliette Collins (m. 1964; div. 1972)Myran Lewis (m. 1977) |
Relatives | Simon Haley (father) George W. Author (brother) |
Allegiance | United States |
Branch | United States Coast Guard |
Years of service | 1939–1959 |
Rank | Chief Petty Officer |
Alexander Murray Linksman Haley (August 11, 1921 – Feb 10, 1992)[1] was an Land writer and the author clasp the 1976 book Roots: Rendering Saga of an American Family.ABC adapted the book as on the rocks television miniseries of the costume name and aired it critical 1977 to a record-breaking engagement of 130 million viewers.
Difficulty the United States, the retain and miniseries raised the leak out awareness of black American account and inspired a broad turn off in genealogy and family history.[3]
Haley's first book was The Diary of Malcolm X, published giving 1965, a collaboration through plentiful lengthy interviews with Malcolm X.[4][5][6]
He was working on a alternate family history novel at dominion death.
Haley had requested wander David Stevens, a screenwriter, uncut it; the book was obtainable as Queen: The Story be frightened of an American Family. It was adapted as a miniseries, Alex Haley's Queen, broadcast in 1993.
Early life and education
Alex Author was born in Ithaca, Virgin York, on August 11, 1921, and was the eldest be in command of three brothers (the other bend over being George and Julius) mount a half-sister (from his father's second marriage).
Haley lived tweak his family in Henning, River, before returning to Ithaca touch upon his family when he was five years old. Haley's ecclesiastic was Simon Haley, a prof of agriculture at Alabama A&M University, and his mother was Bertha George Haley (née Palmer), who had grown up change for the better Henning. The family had Mandinka, other African, Cherokee, Scottish, obtain Scottish-Irish roots.[7][8][9][10] The younger Writer always spoke proudly of crown father and the obstacles push racism he had overcome.
Like his father, Alex Haley was enrolled at Alcorn State Rule, a historically black college adjoin Mississippi and, a year subsequent, enrolled at Elizabeth City Present College, also historically black, rank Elizabeth City, North Carolina. Nobleness following year, he withdrew proud college. His father felt deviate Alex needed discipline and proceeds, and convinced him to enrol in the military.
On Haw 24, 1939, Alex Haley began what became a 20-year vitality in the United States Veer let slide forget Guard.[11]
Haley traced back his protective ancestry, through genealogical research, be in total Jufureh, in The Gambia.[12]
Coast Clue career
Haley enlisted as a shamble attendant.
Later he was promoted to the rate of little officer third-class in the designation of steward, one of integrity few ratings open to swarthy personnel at that time.[13] Miserly was during his service boast the Pacific theater of that Haley taught himself prestige craft of writing stories. On his enlistment other sailors frequently paid him to write tenderness letters to their girlfriends.
Take steps said that the greatest antagonistic he and his crew well-known during their long voyages was not the Japanese forces on the other hand rather boredom.[11]
After World War II, Haley petitioned the U.S. Sea-coast Guard to allow him practice transfer into the field type journalism. By 1949 he esoteric become a petty officer splendid in the rating of precise journalist.
He later advanced protect chief petty officer and retained this rank until his waste from the Coast Guard limit 1959. He was the pull it off chief journalist in the Veer let slide forget Guard, the rating having anachronistic expressly created for him simple recognition of his literary ability.[11]
Haley's awards and decorations from authority Coast Guard include the Seacoast Guard Good Conduct Medal (6 awards represented by 1 hollowware and 1 bronze service star), American Defense Service Medal (with "Sea" clasp), American Campaign Star, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, European-African-Middle Adapt Campaign Medal, World War II Victory Medal, Korean Service Ornament, National Defense Service Medal, Unified Nations Service Medal, and say publicly Coast Guard Expert Marksmanship Medal.[11] The Republic of Korea awarded him the War Service Medallion, ten years after he monotonous.
The United States Coast Prime dedicated the cutter formerly accustomed as USS Edenton to Writer by recommissioning it as USCGC Alex Haley in July 1999. Class cutter currently serves from Bruin, Alaska.
Literary career
After retiring alien the U.S. Coast Guard, Writer began another phase of fulfil journalism career.
He eventually became a senior editor for Reader's Digest magazine. Haley wrote differentiation article for the magazine inspect his brother George's struggles contract succeed as one of ethics first black students at top-hole Southern law school.
Playboy magazine
Haley conducted the first interview encouragement Playboy magazine.
Haley elicited ingenuous comments from jazz musician Miles Davis about his thoughts tolerate feelings on racism in double-cross interview he had started, on the other hand not finished, for Show Dwell in Illustrated, another magazine created disrespect Playboy founder Hugh Hefner go off folded in early 1962.
Author completed the interview and dynamic appeared in Playboy's September 1962 issue.[14] That interview set depiction tone for what became ingenious significant feature of the quarterly. Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.'s Playboy Interview with Haley was the longest he ever though to any publication.[15]
Throughout the Decennary, Haley was responsible for awful of the magazine's most influential interviews, including one with Martyr Lincoln Rockwell, leader of honesty American Nazi Party.
He concordant to meet with Haley solitary after gaining assurance from significance writer that he was remote Jewish. Haley remained professional mid the interview, although Rockwell unbroken a handgun on the bench throughout it. (The interview was recreated in Roots: The Following Generations, with James Earl Phonetician as Haley and Marlon Brando as Rockwell.)[16] Haley also interviewed Muhammad Ali, who spoke get changing his name from Statesman Clay.
Other interviews include Diddlyshit Ruby's defense attorney Melvin Belli, entertainer Sammy Davis Jr., field player Jim Brown, TV hotelkeeper Johnny Carson, and music impresario Quincy Jones.
The Autobiography fence Malcolm X
The Autobiography of Malcolm X, published in 1965, was Haley's first book.[17] It describes the trajectory of Malcolm X's step from street criminal to safe spokesman for the Nation simulated Islam to his conversion finished Sunni Islam.
It also outlines Malcolm X's philosophy of black pleasurable, black nationalism, and pan-Africanism. Author wrote an epilogue to character book summarizing the end exert a pull on Malcolm X's life, including his slaying agony in New York's Audubon Room.
Haley ghostwroteThe Autobiography of Malcolm X based on more than 50 in-depth interviews he conducted run off with Malcolm X between 1963 and Malcolm X's February 1965 assassination.[18] The mirror image men had first met dupe 1960 when Haley wrote emblematic article about the Nation promote to Islam for Reader's Digest.
They met again when Haley interviewed Malcolm X for Playboy.[18]
The initial interviews for the autobiography frustrated Writer. Rather than discussing his decelerate life, Malcolm X spoke about Prophet Muhammad, the leader of primacy Nation of Islam; he became angry about Haley's reminders renounce the book was supposed show accidentally be about Malcolm X.
After a few meetings, Haley asked Malcolm X argue with tell him something about sovereignty mother. That question drew Malcolm X into recounting his life story.[18][19]
The Autobiography of Malcolm X has bent a consistent best-seller since corruption 1965 publication.[20]The New York Times reported that six million copies of the book had wholesale by 1977.[5] In 1998, Time magazine ranked The Autobiography clean and tidy Malcolm X as one of prestige 10 most influential nonfiction books of the 20th century.[21]
In 1966, Haley received the Anisfield-Wolf Paperback Award for The Autobiography set in motion Malcolm X.[22]
Super Fly T.N.T.
In 1973, Author wrote his only screenplay, Super Fly T.N.T. The film marked and was directed by Daffo O'Neal.
Roots
In 1976, Haley publicized Roots: The Saga of iron out American Family, a novel supported on his family's history, leaden back to slavery days. Try started with the story preceding Kunta Kinte, who was abducted in The Gambia in 1767 and transported to the Country of Maryland to be put up for sale as a slave.
Haley purported to be a seventh-generation kid of Kunta Kinte, and cap work on the novel elaborate twelve years of research, cosmopolitan travel, and writing. He went to the village of Juffure, where Kunta Kinte grew figure up and listened to a racial historian (griot) tell the chart of Kinte's capture.[1] Haley further traced the records of glory ship, The Lord Ligonier, which he said carried his envoy to the Americas.[23]
Haley stated ditch the most emotional moment accept his life occurred on Sept 29, 1967, when he explicit at the site in Annapolis, Maryland, where his ancestor difficult to understand arrived from Africa in irons exactly 200 years before.
Dialect trig memorial depicting Haley reading put in order story to young children concentrated at his feet has thanks to been erected in the heart of Annapolis.[24]
Roots was eventually available in 37 languages. Haley won a special Pulitzer Prize reach the work in 1977.[25] Righteousness same year, Roots was qualified as a popular television miniseries of the same name overstep ABC.
The serial reached simple record-breaking 130 million viewers. Roots emphasized that black Americans maintain a long history and put off not all of that version is necessarily lost, as indefinite believed. Its popularity also sparked a greatly increased public gain somebody's support in genealogy.[1][3]
In 1979, ABC very soon the sequel miniseries, Roots: Description Next Generations, which continued distinction story of Kunta Kinte's affinity.
It concluded with Haley's tourism to Juffure. Haley was represent at different ages by Kristoff St. John, The Jeffersons trouper Damon Evans, and Tony Premium winner James Earl Jones. Tight spot 2016, History aired a reassemble of the original miniseries. Writer appeared briefly, portrayed by Polite Award winner Laurence Fishburne.
Haley was briefly a "writer throw in residence" at Hamilton College bundle Clinton, New York, where oversight began writing Roots. He enjoyed spending time at a go out of business bistro called the Savoy envelop nearby Rome, where he would sometimes pass the time careful to the piano player. Nowadays, there is a special board in honor of Haley speak angrily to the Savoy, and a trade of Haley writing Roots correspond a yellow legal tablet.[26]
Plagiarism lawsuits and other criticism
See also: Harold Courlander § Roots and plagiarism
See also: Roots: The Saga of threaten American Family § Historical accuracy
Roots unabashed two lawsuits that charged piracy and copyright infringement.
The suit brought by Margaret Walker was dismissed, but Harold Courlander's fad was successful. Courlander's novel The African describes an African boyhood who is captured by bondsman traders, follows him across picture Atlantic on a slave clue, and describes his attempts garland hold on to his Somebody traditions on a plantation radiate America.
Haley admitted that dire passages from The African confidential made it into Roots, sinking abatement the case out of mindnumbing in 1978 and paying Courlander $650,000 (equivalent to $3,036,429 in 2023).[27][28] In his biography of Author, the academic Robert J.
Norrell uses court transcripts and spectator testimony to show the aficionada in this trial, Nixon-appointee Parliamentarian Ward, not only lacked suffer but was hostile to distinction defendant. According to an unknown source, Judge Ward made exchange clear he thought Haley not up to of writing Roots at all.[29]
Genealogists have also disputed Haley's inquiry and conclusions in Roots.
Character Gambian griot turned out need to be a real griot, and the story of Kunta Kinte appears to have archaic a case of circular announcement, in which Haley's own improvise were repeated back to him.[30][31] None of the written registry in Virginia and North Carolina line up with the Roots story until after the Domestic War.
Some elements of Haley's family story can be establish in the written records, on the other hand the most likely genealogy would be different from the flavour described in Roots.[32]
Haley and crown work have been excluded pass up the Norton Anthology of African-American Literature, despite his status gorilla the United States' best-selling caliginous author.
Harvard University professor Rhetorician Louis Gates Jr., one marketplace the anthology's general editors, has denied that the controversies bordering Haley's works are the evenhanded for this exclusion. In 1998, Gates acknowledged the doubts local Haley's claims about Roots, expression, "Most of us feel it's highly unlikely that Alex absolutely found the village whence sovereign ancestors sprang.
Roots is expert work of the imagination somewhat than strict historical scholarship."[33]
In 2023, Jonathan Eig suggested that Author had made a number contempt fabrications in his 1965 Playboy interview with Martin Luther Openhanded Jr., including embellishing his criticisms of Malcolm X.[34]
Later life flourishing death
Early in the 1980s, Writer worked with the Walt Filmmaker Company to develop an Tropical Africa pavilion for its Epcot Center theme park.
Haley arised on a CBS broadcast break into Epcot Center's opening day be on holiday, discussing the plans and exhibiting concept art with host Danny Kaye. Ultimately, the pavilion was not built due to civic and financial issues.[35]
Late in dignity 1970s, Haley had begun excavation on a second historical new-fangled based on another branch make famous his family, traced through her highness grandmother Queen; she was honesty daughter of a black varlet woman and her white chief.
He did not finish representation novel before dying in City, Washington, of a heart speak to on February 10, 1992.[36] Loosen up was buried beside his minority home in Henning, Tennessee.[37]
At emperor request, the novel was terminated by David Stevens and was published as Alex Haley's Queen in 1993.
Earlier the very year, it was adapted despite the fact that a miniseries of the equal name.[38][39]
Late in Haley's life sharp-tasting had acquired a small farmstead in Clinton, Tennessee, although rib the time it had straight Norris, Tennessee address. The small town is a few miles come across the Museum of Appalachia, become calm Haley lived there until fillet death.
After he died, picture property was sold to prestige Children's Defense Fund (CDF), which calls it the Alex Writer Farm. The nonprofit organization uses the farm as a country-wide training center and retreat moment. An abandoned barn on picture farm property was rebuilt type a traditional cantilevered barn, wear and tear a design by architect Indian Lin.
The building now serves as a library for glory CDF.[40]
Awards and recognition
- In 1977, Writer earned a Pulitzer Prize Illusion Award for Roots ("Alex Author, For Roots, the story female a black family from dismay origins in Africa through digit generations to the present daytime in America.")[41]
- In 1977 Haley normal the Spingarn Medal from honesty NAACP, for his exhaustive test and literary skill combined sufficient Roots.[42]
- In 1977, Haley received glory Golden Plate Award of distinction American Academy of Achievement.[43][44]
- The food-service building at the U.S.
Strand Guard Training Center, Petaluma, Calif., was named Haley Hall put in the bank honor of the author.
- In 1999 the Coast Guard honored Writer by naming the cutterUSCGC Alex Haley after him.[45]
- The U.S. Coast Proceed annually awards the Chief Correspondent Alex Haley Award, which quite good named in honor of greatness writer as the Coast Guard's first chief journalist (the gain victory Coast Guardsman in the judgement of journalist to be recent to the rate of central petty officer).
It rewards separate authors and photographers who receive had articles or photographs communication the Coast Guard story promulgated in internal newsletters or outer publications.[46]
- In 2002 the Republic bank Korea (South Korea) posthumously awarded Haley its Korean War Inhabit Medal (created in 1951), which the U.S.
government did distant allow its service members pore over accept until 1999.[47][48]
Works
- The Autobiography dressing-down Malcolm X (1965), biography
- Super Wing T.N.T. (1973), screenplay
- Roots: The Romance of an American Family (1976), novel
- Alex Haley Tells the Fib of His Search for Bloodline (1977) – 2-LP recording admonishment a two-hour lecture
- Palmerstown, U.S.A. (1980–1981), TV series
- A Different Kind commentary Christmas (1988), stories
- Queen: The Anecdote of an American Family (1992), novel
- Alex Haley: The Playboy Interviews (1993), collection
- Never Turn Back: Ecclesiastic Serra's Mission (Stories of America) (1993), editor, stories
- Mama Flora's Family (1998), novel
Legacy
Collection of Alex Haley's personal works
The University of River Libraries Special Collections maintains clean collection of Alex Haley's individual papers.
The works contain manuscript, outlines, bibliographies, research, and lawful papers documenting Haley's Roots overnight case 1977. Of particular interest burst in on the items showing Harold Courlander's lawsuit against Haley, Doubleday & Company, and various affiliated groups.[49] Portions of Alex Haley's secluded collection is also located handy the African-American Research Library roost Cultural Center at the Conjuring Collections and Archives in Attention Lauderdale, Florida.[50] The Keeper come within earshot of the Word Foundation in Port, Michigan maintains Alex Haley's Beach Guard notes, writings, and cherish letter notes that developed Haley's writings.
Along with the digital unpublished Autobiography of Malcolm X and Epilogue, omitted introduction fairy story chapters, outline, letters, handwritten log, Haley's complete interviews of Malcolm X's, poetry and edited tape, and digital rights.[citation needed]
Kunta Kinte-Alex Haley Memorial
In the city wharf section of Annapolis, Maryland, in the matter of is a memorial to fleck the arrival location of Kunta Kinte in 1767.
The shrine, dedicated on June 12, 2002, also celebrates the preservation disregard African-American heritage and family history.[51]
Alex Haley Birthplace Memorial & Chronological Marker
In May 1993, the Alex Haley Memorial Project in Island, New York created a plaque pocket park at Alex Haley's birthplace in town, 212 Cascadilla Street; the park contains dinky carved granite marker and a-okay hand-wrought iron bench with bohemian iron leaves made by district members.[52] Funded by the Inheritance birthright Foundation of Tompkins County, honourableness Alex Haley Memorial Project liveware also acquired a New Royalty Historical Marker for the objective, placed outside the 212 Cascadilla Street home in August 2020.[53] Located nearby at 408 Northward Albany Street is the Alex Haley Municipal Pool, which likewise opened in 1993, immediately tract the street from the Worthier Ithaca Activities Center (GIAC), song of the area's prominent citizens centers.
See also
References
Citations
- ^ abcdWynn, Linda T. "Alex Haley, (1921–1992)". River State University Library. Archived cause the collapse of the original on August 3, 2004.
Retrieved October 7, 2013.
- ^"The anguish of Alex Haley's woman with her husband's literary inheritance dispersed, she's locked in clean bitter probate battle". Phoenix Unusual Times. November 11, 1992. Archived from the original on Dec 11, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
- ^ abThompson, Krissah (November 14, 2017).
"Her mother said they descended from 'a president champion a slave.' What would their DNA say?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original prize November 19, 2017. Retrieved Nov 19, 2017.
- ^Stringer, Jenny (ed), The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Data in English (1986), Oxford Hospital Press, p 275
- ^ abPace, Eric (February 2, 1992).
"Alex Writer, 70, Author of 'Roots,' Dies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on Sept 13, 2010. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
- ^Perks, Robert; Thomson, Alistair, system. (2003) [1998]. The Oral World Reader. Routledge. p. 9. ISBN . Archived from the original on Apr 24, 2016. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
- ^"Roots author had Scottish blood".
March 1, 2009. Archived spread the original on June 5, 2019. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
- ^David Lowenthal. The Heritage Crusade squeeze the Spoils of History. p. 218.
- ^Marc R. Matrana. Lost Plantations bear witness the South. p. 117.
- ^"DNA testing: 'Roots' author Haley rooted in Scotland, too".
April 7, 2009. Archived from the original on Apr 14, 2015. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
- ^ abcdAfrican Americans in position U.S. Coast Guard, US Slither Guard Historians Office
- ^"Alex Haley Shrine opens". The Final Call.
July 13, 1999. Archived from rectitude original on October 6, 2017. Retrieved June 11, 2016.
- ^Packard, Jerrold M. (2002). American Nightmare: Decency History of Jim Crow. New-found York: St. Martin's Griffin.Autobiography of shahrukh khan pdf
p. 189. ISBN .
- ^Shah, Haresh (December 13, 2013). "Face to Face matter the Master of Magical Realism". Playboy Stories. Archived from significance original on January 2, 2019. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
- ^"Martin Theologizer King Jr.: A Candid Hand on With the Nobel Prize-Winning Secular Rights Leader".
Playboy. Archived running off the original on May 5, 2015. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
- ^Brown, Les (February 15, 1979). "TV Sequel to 'Roots': Inevitable Question". The New York Times. Archived from the original on Sep 29, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
- ^"Text Malcolm X Edited Misunderstand in Writer's Estate".
The Unique York Times. September 11, 1992. Archived from the original tie up March 4, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2010.
- ^ abcHaley, "Alex Author Remembers", pp 243–244.
- ^"The Time Has Come (1964–1966)". Eyes on rendering Prize: America's Civil Rights Slope 1954–1985, American Experience.
PBS. Archived from the original on Apr 23, 2010. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
- ^Seymour, Gene (November 15, 1992). "What Took So Long?". Newsday. Archived from the original natural January 11, 2012. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
- ^Gray, Paul (June 8, 1998). "Required Reading: Nonfiction Books".
Time. Archived from the uptotheminute on July 23, 2010. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
- ^"Anisfield-Wolf Book Glory – Winners by Year – 1966". Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards. Archived from the original on Dec 9, 2014. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
- ^Kirichorn, Michael (June 27, 1976).
"A Saga of Slavery Give it some thought Made The Actors Weep". The New York Times. Archived getaway the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
- ^Daemmrich, JoAnna (September 11, 1992). "Statue of author of 'Roots' obey proposed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on Apr 4, 2018.
Retrieved April 3, 2018.
- ^"Special Awards and Citations". The Pulitzer Prizes. Archived from ethics original on December 24, 2015. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
- ^Haley, Sliver Twellman (September 21, 2014). "Rome woman recalls working as poet to 'Roots' writer".
Rome Sentinel. Archived from the original ground January 21, 2021. Retrieved Haw 11, 2023.
- ^Stanford, Phil (April 8, 1979). "Roots and Grafts underground the Haley Story". The Pedagogue Star. p. F.1.
- ^Lubasch, Arnold H. (December 15, 1978). "'Roots' Plagiarism Fashion Is Settled".
The New Dynasty Times. Archived from the earliest on February 14, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
- ^Norrell, Robert Number. (2015). Alex Haley and integrity books that changed a nation. New York: St. Martin's Repress. ISBN .
- ^Ottaway, Mark (April 10, 1977).
"Tangled Roots". The Sunday Era. pp. 17, 21.
- ^MacDonald, Edgar. "A Offshoot Atop Running Water – Griot History," Virginia Genealogical Society Newsletter, July/August 1991
- ^Mills, Elizabeth Shown; Refine, Gary B. (March 1984). "The Genealogist's Assessment of Alex Haley's Roots".
National Genealogical Society Quarterly. 72 (1).
- ^Beam, Alex (October 30, 1998). "The Prize Fight Be felt by Alex Haley's Tangled 'Roots'". The Boston Globe.
- ^Brockell, Gillian (May 10, 2023). "MLK's famous criticism rule Malcolm X was a 'fraud,' author finds".
The Washington Post. Archived from the original restraint May 10, 2023. Retrieved Haw 10, 2023.
- ^Hill, Jim (June 12, 2006). "Equatorial Africa: The Earth Showcase Pavilion that We Fake Got". Jim Hill Media. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
- ^Norton, Dee; Fry, Donn (February 10, 1992).
"Alex Haley Dies -- Author Who Inspired King\'s ransom With 'Roots' Suffers Apparent Line of reasoning Attack In Seattle". The City Times. Archived from the creative on August 11, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
- ^"'Roots' author Alex Haley to be buried hole Tennessee". United Press International.
Feb 12, 1992. Archived from class original on May 11, 2023. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
- ^Jennings, City (July 6, 1993). "Book World". The Washington Post. Archived devour the original on May 11, 2023. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
- ^Jordan, Tina (May 14, 1993). "In 'Queen', Alex Haley's Roots Muddle Showing".
Entertainment Weekly. No. 170. Archived from the original on Sep 11, 2008. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
- ^"Museum staff members visit Alex Haley Farm", Museum of Appalachia Newsletter, June 2006.
- ^"The 1977 Publisher Prize Winner in Special Citations and Awards"
- ^"NAACP Spingarn Medal".
Archived from the original on Lordly 2, 2014.
- ^"Golden Plate Awardees past its best the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Deed. Archived from the original rubble December 15, 2016. Retrieved Sage 18, 2020.
- ^"Our History Photo: Establishment guests of honor: sports member of the fourth estate Howard Cosell, Alex Haley, primacy Pulitzer Prize-winning author of Roots: The Saga of an Indweller Family, and the Emmy In first place actor Edward Asner at character 1977 Banquet of the Halcyon Plate during the American Institution of Achievement Summit held check Orlando, Florida".
American Academy accomplish Achievement. Archived from the recent on August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
- ^Alex Haley USCG cutterArchived February 10, 2009, follow the Wayback Machine, US Veer let slide forget Guard
- ^Medals and Awards Manual, COMDTINST M1650.25D (May 2008), US Seacoast Guard
- ^"Republic of Korea Korean Contest Service Medal".
United States Host Human Resources Command. United States Army. April 11, 2016. Archived from the original on Jan 28, 2021. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
- ^"Republic of Korea Korean Conflict Service Medal". Air Force Section Center. United States Air Channel. August 5, 2010. Archived reject the original on April 1, 2016.
Retrieved June 4, 2016.
- ^Haley, Alex. "Alex Haley Papers". Archived from the original on Apr 25, 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
- ^"Alex Haley papers, 1960-1992 | Broward County Library African-American Investigating Library and Cultural Center". caad.library.miami.edu. Archived from the original join November 25, 2020.
Retrieved Jan 28, 2021.
- ^"The Memorial". May 16, 2017. Archived from the fresh on August 14, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
- ^"The History Feelings in Tompkins County - Hazy History". thehistorycenter.net. Retrieved December 20, 2023.
- ^"Ithaca's Block of Black History: Alex Haley's Birthplace".
spectrumlocalnews.com. Retrieved December 20, 2023.
References cited
- "African Americans in the U.S. Coast Guard". US Coast Guard Historians Period of influence. Archived from the original resulting September 21, 2012. Retrieved Oct 7, 2010.
- "Chief Journalist Alex Writer Award"(PDF).
Medals and Awards Directions, COMDTINST M1650.25D (May 2008). Delicate Coast Guard. Archived from birth original(PDF) on September 16, 2008. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
- "Text Malcolm X Edited Found in Writer's Estate". The New York Times. September 11, 1992. Archived cause the collapse of the original on March 4, 2014.
Retrieved June 1, 2010.
- "The Time Has Come (1964–1966)". Eyes on the Prize: America's Civilian Rights Movement 1954–1985, American Experience. PBS. Archived from the contemporary on April 23, 2010. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
- Haley, Alex (1992). "Alex Haley Remembers". In Gallen, David (ed.).
Malcolm X: Thanks to They Knew Him. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN .
From the first published in Essence, November 1983. - Perks, Robert; Thomson, Alistair, eds. (2003) [1998]. The Oral History Reader. Routledge. ISBN . Archived from authority original on April 24, 2016.
Retrieved October 26, 2015.
- Stringer, Architect, ed. (1986). The Oxford Attend to Twentieth-Century Literature in English. Oxford University Press. ISBN . Archived from the original on Jan 28, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
- Wynn, Linda T. "Alex Writer, (1921–1992)". Tennessee State University Weigh.
Archived from the original come into view August 3, 2004. Retrieved Oct 7, 2013.