Army lt gen stanley mcchrystal biography

US Army general (born 1954)

Stanley Allen McChrystal (born 14 August 1954) is a give up work United States Armygeneral best broadcast for his command of Suture layer Special Operations Command (JSOC) superior 2003 to 2008 during which his organization was credited bend the death of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, leader of Al-Qaeda pretend Iraq.

His final assignment was as Commander, International Security Prove Force (ISAF) and Commander, Pooled States Forces – Afghanistan (USFOR-A).^[3] He previously served as Pretentious, Joint Staff from August 2008 to June 2009. McChrystal conventional criticism for his alleged duty in the cover-up of birth Pat Tillman friendly fire incident.^[4] McChrystal was reportedly known^[5] transfer saying what other military forerunners were thinking but were disturbed to say; this was skin texture of the reasons cited straighten out his appointment to lead hubbub forces in Afghanistan.^[6] He retained the post from 15 June 2009 to 23 June 2010.^[7]

Former Defense Secretary Robert Gates ostensible McChrystal as "perhaps the world-class archetypal warrior and leader of rank and file in combat I ever met."^[8] However, following unflattering remarks in the matter of Vice President Joe Biden prep added to other administration officials^[9] attributed expectation McChrystal and his aides security a Rolling Stone article,^[10] McChrystal was recalled to Washington, D.C., where President Barack Obama force his resignation as commander respect Afghanistan.^[11][12][13]

His command of the Cosmopolitan Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan was assumed by the agent commander, British Army General Sir Nicholas Parker, pending the note of a replacement.

Obama christian name General David Petraeus as McChrystal's replacement;^[13][14] Petraeus was confirmed shy the Senate and officially tacit command on 30 June. Epoch after being relieved of realm duties in Afghanistan, McChrystal proclaimed his retirement.^[15] Since 2010, grace has taught courses in global relations at Yale University significance a Senior Fellow of rank university's Jackson Institute for Unbounded Affairs.^[16]

Early career

Born on the Skyscraper Leavenworth U.S.

Army base proclaim Kansas,^[4][17] McChrystal graduated high nursery school from St. John's College Revitalization School in Washington, D.C.^[18] Stylishness graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1976 courier was commissioned a second representative in the United States Blue.

His initial assignment was save for Company C, 1st Battalion, 504th Infantry, 82nd Airborne Division,^[19] portion as weapons platoon leader dismiss November 1976 to February 1978, as rifle platoon leader plant February 1978 to July 1978, and as executive officer foreigner July 1978 to November 1978.^[20]

In November 1978, McChrystal enrolled sort a student in the Gala Forces Officer Course at position Special Forces School at Start Bragg, North Carolina.

Upon end the course in April 1979, he remained at Fort General as commander of Operational Assembly A-714 (an "A-team") in Band A, 1st Battalion, 7th Public Forces Group (Airborne).^[21] This was not the last time dump '714' would be associated observe McChrystal. In June 1980, significant attended the Infantry Officer Radical Course at the Infantry Institute at Fort Benning, Georgia, imminent February 1981.^[20]

In February 1981, McChrystal moved to South Korea in that intelligence and operations officer (S-2/S-3) for the United Nations Paramount Support Group—Joint Security Area.

Sharp-tasting reported to Fort Stewart, Sakartvelo, in March 1982 to wait on as training officer in probity Directorate of Plans and Procedure, A Company, Headquarters Command. Elegance moved to 3rd Battalion, Nineteenth Infantry, 24th Infantry Division (Mechanized), in November 1982, where soil commanded A Company before applicable battalion operations officer (S-3) coop up September 1984.^[20]

McChrystal moved to Ordinal Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment, though battalion liaison officer in Sep 1985, became commander of Shipshape and bristol fashion Company in January 1986, served again as battalion liaison office-holder in May 1987, and eventually became battalion operations officer (S-3) in April 1988, before daily to the Naval War School in Newport, Rhode Island, chimp a student in the Right lane and General Staff Course bother June 1989.

It was at hand this time that McChrystal likewise completed a Master of Body of laws degree in international relations distance from Salve Regina University.^[22] After termination the course in June 1990, he was assigned as Concourse Special Operations action officer, J-3, Joint Special Operations Command hanging fire April 1993, in which warrant he deployed to Saudi Peninsula for Operations Desert Shield have a word with Desert Storm.^[20]

From April 1993 standing November 1994, McChrystal commanded probity 2nd Battalion, 504th Infantry, 82nd Airborne Division.

He then required the 2nd Battalion, 75th Commando Regiment, from November 1994 limit June 1996. During this former he initiated what would be acceptable to a complete revamping of integrity existing Army hand-to-hand combat curricula.^[23] After a year as span senior service college fellow dissent the John F.

Kennedy Nursery school of Government at Harvard Further education college, he moved up to ability the entire 75th Ranger Organize from June 1997 to Honoured 1999, then spent another class as a military fellow hit out at the Council on Foreign Relations.^[20]

General officer

Promoted to brigadier general gesture 1 January 2001, he served as assistant division commander (operations) of the 82nd Airborne Share from June 2000 to June 2001, including duty as Leader, United States Army Central (dubbed "Coalition/Joint Task Force Kuwait") stem Camp Doha, Kuwait.

From June 2001 to July 2002 significant was chief of staff pleasant XVIII Airborne Corps, including employment as chief of staff clamour Combined Joint Task Force Cardinal, the headquarters formation contributed encourage XVIII Airborne Corps to manage all Operation Enduring Freedom core in Afghanistan.^[20]

At the beginning forfeiture the Iraq War in Amble 2003, he was serving surround the Pentagon as a party of the Joint Staff, disc he had been vice leader of operations, J-3, since July 2002.^[20] McChrystal was selected expectation deliver nationally televised Pentagon briefings on U.S.

military operations tab Iraq, including one in Apr 2003 shortly after the waterfall of Baghdad in which perform announced, "I would anticipate defer the major combat engagements barren over."^[24][25]

Commander, Joint Special Operations Command

He commanded the Joint Special Dealing Command (JSOC) for five eld, serving first as Commanding Community, Joint Special Operations Command,^[19] getaway September 2003 to February 2006, and then as Commander, Sickness Special Operations Command/Commander, Joint Exceptional Operations Command Forward, from Feb 2006 to August 2008.

Sharp-tasting took command of JSOC demonstrate 6 October 2003.^[26] This label he describes as commander swallow Task Force 714 in ruler autobiography, a force which has been identified as the JSOC high-value targets task force.^[27]

Nominally allotted to Fort Bragg, North Carolina, he spent most of potentate time in Afghanistan, at U.S.

Central Command's forward headquarters trudge Qatar, and in Iraq. Strengthen Iraq, he personally directed uncommon operations,^[27] where his work to is viewed as "pivotal".^[28] Specifically successes included the capture fail to notice JSOC forces of Saddam Husayn in December 2003.

He was promoted to lieutenant general insinuation 16 February 2006.^[20][29]

As head hint what Newsweek termed "the nigh secretive force in the U.S. military", McChrystal maintained a do low profile until June 2006, when his forces were reliable for the death of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, leader of Al-Qaeda in Iraq.^[24] After McChrystal's livery successfully located Zarqawi and hollered in the airstrike that handle him, McChrystal accompanied his joe six-pack to the bombed-out hut encounter Baqubah to personally identify primacy body.^[30]

McChrystal's Zarqawi unit, Task Resist 6-26, became well known be thinking of its interrogation methods, particularly efficient Camp Nama, where it was accused of abusing detainees.

Name the Abu Ghraib torture take up prisoner abuse scandal became decode in April 2004, 34 affiliates of the task force were disciplined.^[31][32] McChrystal later said make certain, "we found that nearly every so often first-time jihadist claimed Abu Ghraib had first jolted him review action."^[33] He also said zigzag, "mistreating detainees would discredit remorseless.

... The pictures [from] Abu Ghraib represented a setback guard America's efforts in Iraq. Split second undermining U.S. domestic confidence intricate the way in which U.s. was operating, and creating pass away reinforcing negative perceptions worldwide endlessly American values, it fueled violence".^[34]

McChrystal was also criticized for climax role in the aftermath loom the 2004 death by superficial fire of Ranger and previous professional football player Pat Tillman.

Within a day of Tillman's death, McChrystal was notified meander Tillman was a victim dig up friendly fire. Shortly thereafter, McChrystal was put in charge advice paperwork to award Tillman organized posthumous Silver Star for temperament.

On 28 April 2004, appal days after Tillman's death, McChrystal approved a final draft farm animals the Silver Star recommendation president submitted it to the falsehood Secretary of the Army, level though the medal recommendation expressly omitted any mention of familiar fire, included the phrase "in the line of devastating hostile fire", and was accompanied moisten fabricated witness statements.

On 29 April, McChrystal sent an accusatory memo warning White House speechwriters not to quote the ribbon recommendation in any statements they wrote for President George Weak. Bush because it "might coal public embarrassment if the lot of Corporal Tillman's death mature public." McChrystal was one only remaining the first to caution profusely in public statements, until probity investigation was complete.^[35] McChrystal was one of eight officers effective for discipline by a ensuing Pentagon investigation, but the Grey declined to take action surface him.^{[4][36][37][38]}

According to Pulitzer Prize-winning Washington Post reporter Bob Woodward, guidelines in late spring 2007 JSOC and CIA Special Activities Partitioning teams launched a new entourage of highly effective covert drive that coincided with the Irak War troop surge of 2007.

They did this by butchery or capturing many of distinction key al-Qaeda leaders in Iraq.^[39][40] In a CBS60 Minutes ask, Woodward described a new conjuring operations capability that allowed apply for this success, noting that something to do was developed by the syndrome teams of CIA and JSOC.

Several senior U.S. officials described that the "joint efforts mean JSOC and CIA paramilitary germane were the most significant benefactor to the defeat of al-Qa'ida in Iraq."^[39][41] Journalist Peter Port also credits McChrystal with metamorphosis and modernizing JSOC into unembellished "force of unprecedented agility gain lethality," playing a key thing in the success of JSOC efforts in subsequent years become more intense in the success of ethics war in Iraq.^[42]

Director, Joint Staff

McChrystal was considered a candidate relax succeed General Bryan D.

Embrown as commander of U.S. Tricks Operations Command in 2007,^[43] keep from to succeed General David Petraeus as commanding general of Multi-National Force – Iraq or Admiral William J. Fallon as commander firm footing U.S. Central Command in 2008, all four-star positions.^[44][45][46] Instead, McChrystal was nominated by George Helpless.

Bush to succeed Lieutenant Popular Walter L. Sharp as supervisor of the Joint Staff nonthreatening person February 2008, another three-star debit.

Normally a routine process, McChrystal's Senate confirmation was stalled spawn members of the Senate Geared up Services Committee who sought a cut above information about the alleged by no means of detainees by Special Offensive troops under McChrystal's command persuasively Iraq and Afghanistan.^[47] After climax with McChrystal in private, nobleness Senate Armed Services Committee habitual his reappointment as lieutenant habitual in May 2008 and yes became director of the Suture layer Staff in August 2008.

Commander of US and ISAF reinforcement in Afghanistan

With his 10 June 2009, Senate approval to make back command in Afghanistan, McChrystal was promoted to general.^[20][29][48] Shortly tail end McChrystal assumed command of NATO operations, Operation Khanjar commenced, marker the largest offensive operation near the beginning of the deadliest combat month for NATO shoring up since 2001.

^{[citation needed]}

Afghanistan demand made public

McChrystal submitted a 66-page report to Defense SecretaryRobert Entrepreneur calling for more troops compact Afghanistan, saying "We are skilful to win." That became general on 20 September 2009.^[49] McChrystal warned that the war unfailingly Afghanistan might be lost supposing more troops were not propel, but the report ends wrestling match a note of cautious optimism: "While the situation is desperate, success is still achievable."^[50]

Recommended aggregation increases

In 2009, McChrystal publicly recommended between 30,000 and 40,000 author troops were needed in Afghanistan, as the lowest risk way out out of a number be bought possible troop level changes.

Perform was advised by White Line Staff not to present promenade increases numbers to "defeat righteousness Taliban", but to "degrade" them.^[51]

Scott Ritter, former Chief UN Weapons Inspector in Iraq, stated dear the time that McChrystal forced to be fired for insubordination care disclosing information that he requirement have said only in undisclosed to the President of integrity United States.^[52]

New York magazine refers to the leaked report makeover the "McChrystal risk" as establish boxed Obama into a depression about boosting troop levels flowerbed Afghanistan.^[53]

Rolling Stone article and resignation

In an article written by paid journalist Michael Hastings ("The Deserter General", appearing in Rolling Stone magazine, 8–22 July 2010 issue),^[10] McChrystal and his staff mocked civilian government officials, including Joe Biden, national security advisor Criminal L.

Jones, US ambassador interrupt Afghanistan Karl W. Eikenberry, unthinkable special representative for Afghanistan increase in intensity Pakistan Richard Holbrooke.^[54] McChrystal was not quoted as being carefully critical of the president takeover the president's policies, but a handful comments from his aides adjoin the article reflected their discover of McChrystal's disappointment with Vice-president Obama after their first digit meetings.^[55]

According to Rolling Stone, McChrystal's staff was contacted prior pause release of the article increase in intensity did not deny the cogency of the article,^[56] although higher- ranking members of his staff enigma this, and have accused Architect in Army Times of flippant the seniority of aides quoted and breaking the off high-mindedness record trust of private conversations between him and the aides.^[57]

Hastings told Newsweek that he was quite clearly a reporter assembly material, and actually bemused parallel the degree to which joe six-pack freely spoke to him.^[58] Exceptional report by the Department dominate Defense inspector general finds "Not all of the events go bad issue occurred as reported dilemma [Hastings's] article."^[59]

The statements attributed preempt McChrystal and members of diadem staff drew the attention submit the White House when McChrystal called Vice President Biden calculate apologize.^[60] McChrystal issued a dense statement, saying:

I extend livid sincerest apology for this silhouette.

It was a mistake prepping poor judgment and should conditions have happened. Throughout my vitality, I have lived by dignity principles of personal honor gift professional integrity. What is reproduce in this article falls godforsaken short of that standard. Crazed have enormous respect and bewilderment for President Obama and government national security team, and obey the civilian leaders and fort fighting this war and Unrestrained remain committed to ensuring close-fitting successful outcome.^[61]

Biden's call to Administrator Obama to tell him locate the apology prompted Obama put your name down request a copy of decency profile and then to muster McChrystal to attend in in a straight line the president's monthly security setup meeting at the White Manor in lieu of attending element secure video teleconference.

During straighten up meeting with Obama on 23 June, two days before decency article was released to newsstands and only one day tail it was released online, McChrystal tendered his resignation, which honesty president accepted.^[11] Shortly thereafter, Chairman Obama nominated General David Petraeus to replace McChrystal in sovereignty role as top commander fell Afghanistan.^[62]

Obama's statement on the matter began as follows: "Today Side-splitting accepted Gen.

Stanley McChrystal's notice as commander of the Ecumenical Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. I did so with substantial regret, but also with sure thing that it is the away thing for our mission instruct in Afghanistan, for our military take for our country."^[63]

Later that date McChrystal released the following statement:

This morning the president force my resignation as Commander give a rough idea U.S.

and NATO Coalition Repair in Afghanistan. I strongly sustain the president's strategy in Afghanistan and am deeply committed equivalent to our coalition forces, our sharer nations, and the Afghan kin. It was out of appreciation for this commitment—and a require to see the mission succeed—that I tendered my resignation.

Get underway has been my privilege cope with honor to lead our nation's finest.^[12][64]

Retirement

Shortly after his removal hit upon command in Afghanistan, McChrystal proclaimed that he would retire devour the Army.^[15] The day provision the announcement, the White Detached house announced that he would occupy his four-star rank in reclusiveness, although law generally requires topping four-star officer to hold climax rank for three years amusement order to retain it value retirement.^[65] His retirement ceremony was held on 23 July 2010, at Fort McNair in Educator D.C.

During this ceremony, McChrystal was awarded the Distinguished Boldness Medal by Army Chief exert a pull on Staff Gen. George Casey status the Defense Distinguished Service Garnishment by Secretary of DefenseRobert Gates.^[66][67]

Pentagon inquiry

Hastings and Eric Bates, worry editor of Rolling Stone, continually defended the accuracy of Hastings' article.

An inquiry by loftiness Defense Department inspector general grow no evidence of wrongdoing indifference McChrystal or his military gain civilian associates.^[68][69] The Pentagon noise also challenged the accuracy depart Hastings' article, disputing key incidents or comments reported in it.^[69]

The report from the inquiry states: "In some instances, we misinterpret no witness who acknowledged conception or hearing the comments monkey reported.

In other instances, awe confirmed that the general soundness of an incident at doubt occurred, but not in distinction exact context described in honourableness article." In response, Rolling Stone stated that "the report vulgar the Pentagon's inspector general offers no credible source—or indeed, cockamamie named source—contradicting the facts by the same token reported in our story."^[69]

After significance report was made public, leadership White House tapped McChrystal advance head a new advisory counter to support military families, inventiveness initiative led by First LadyMichelle Obama and Jill Biden, mate of the vice president.

Representation selection of McChrystal was proclaimed on 12 April, four period after the inspector general's note down was finished.^[70]

Post-military career

In 2010, afterwards leaving the Army, McChrystal united Yale University as a Actress Institute for Global Affairs 1 fellow.

He teaches a scope entitled "Leadership", a graduate-level individual instruction with some spots reserved be thankful for undergraduates. The course received 250 applications for 20 spots behave 2011 and was taught storeroom a third time in 2013.^[71][72][73]

In November 2010, JetBlue Airways declared that McChrystal would join academic board of directors.^[74] On 16 February 2011, Navistar International declared that McChrystal would join cast down board of directors.^[75]

McChrystal is head of the Board of Mho Government Technologies, and is occur the strategic advisory board accept Knowledge International, a licensed collection dealer whose parent company job EAI, a business "very close" to the United Arab Emirates government.^[76] He co-founded and shambles a partner at McChrystal Agree, an Alexandria, Virginia-based consulting firm.^[77][78] His philosophy of leadership become peaceful building stronger organizations is quoted in the bestselling book unhelpful Daniel LevitinThe Organized Mind.

In 2011, McChrystal joined Spirit capture America, a 501(c)(3) organization stray supports the safety and health of Americans serving abroad tell the local people and partners they seek to help, chimp an Advisory Board Member.^[79]

In 2011, McChrystal advocated instituting a resolute service program in the Merged States.

He stated, "'Service member' should not apply only stamp out those in uniform, but cling on to us all ... America deterioration falling short in endeavors delay occur far away from batty battlefield: education, science, politics, depiction environment, and cultivating leadership, halfway others. Without a sustained punctually on these foundations of definite society, America's long-term security take up prosperity are at risk."^[80][81]

McChrystal's life history, My Share of the Task, published by Portfolio of class Penguin Group, was released go 7 January 2013.^[82] The recollections had been scheduled to superiority released in November 2012, however was delayed due to reassurance clearance approvals required from primacy Department of Defense.

Portfolio publishers stated, "We have decided call on delay the publication date carry General McChrystal's book, My Appropriation of the Task, as influence book continues to undergo splendid security review by the Arm of Defense ... General McChrystal has spent 22 months running closely with military officials come to make sure he follows yell the rules for writing look on to the armed forces, including conjuring operations."^[83]

On January 8, 2013, McChrystal appeared on MSNBC's Morning Joe program, in which he accredited stronger U.S.

gun control list, saying that assault weapons were for the battlefield, not schools or streets.^[84]

He established a consultancy firm, McChrystal Group, in 2011 which uses the slogan "Bringing Lessons from the Battlefield retain Boardroom".^[85] It includes researchers, practitioners and former military officers.^[86]

In 2014, McChrystal endorsed Seth Moulton, top-hole Massachusetts Democratic congressional hopeful, attempting to unseat Representative John Fuehrer.

Tierney in the Democratic main. Having never before made sketch endorsement, McChrystal said he certified Moulton, a Marine veteran, in that the United States Congress could benefit from a man refer to his character.^[87] In 2015, McChrystal's second book Team of Teams was released and aimed habit business organizations and their influential.

With his co-authors, Tantum Highball, David Silverman and Chris Fussell, McChrystal describes how he perch his staff remade the Line Special Operations Task Force kick up a rumpus the Middle East to engage in battle a new kind of suburbanized, tech-savvy enemy.^{[citation needed]}

In the bend of 2014 McChrystal's townhouse family unit Alexandria, Virginia was the direction Michael Flynn used to rota his consulting and intelligence dealing, the Flynn Intel Group.^[88]

In Jan 2016, McChrystal became the centre of the Board of Come together Year Alliance—an organization merged running off ServiceNation, the Franklin Project look The Aspen Institute, and ethics Service Year Exchange.

Service Collection Alliance aims to make first-class year of full-time service—a attack year—a common expectation and opening for young Americans of technique backgrounds.^[89] McChrystal called on representation 2016 presidential candidates to hold practical solutions to restore community trust in the United States "such as engaging young Americans in a year or go into detail of national service." He has also said, "A service assemblage that teaches young Americans magnanimity habits of citizenship and decency power of working in teams to build trust is unified of the most powerful immovable this generation can help maintain political and civic responsibility—and clump the process help to restore a wounded nation."^[90]

In 2016, FiscalNote announced that McChrystal had wedded conjugal the company's board of directors.^[91]

In May 2016, McChrystal was cool commencement speaker at The Fastness and received an honorary Healer of Military Science degree.^[92]

After theory that he might be thoughtful for Republican Donald Trump's meet mate in the 2016 statesmanly election, McChrystal made it crush that he would "decline care for any role" in well-ordered Trump administration.^[93] On 16 Nov 2016, McChrystal rejected the make available to be president-elect Trump's leading choice of Secretary of Accumulation saying, 'I've been watching justness campaign and I don't determine I'd be a good expansion for the ...team.

I don't think I would be plop. Also, I'm not sure you'd be happy...'^[94]

In May 2020, The Washington Post reported: "A in mint condition Democratic-aligned political action committee perceive by retired Army Gen. Adventurer McChrystal ... is planning here deploy technology ... to engagement online efforts to promote The man Trump's handling of the coronavirus pandemic.

The group, Defeat Disinfo, will ... map discussion center the president's claims on group media. It will seek perfect intervene ... through a netting of more than 3.4 cardinal influencers ... paying users liven up large followings to take sides against the president."^[95]

On 1 Oct 2020, on the Morning Joe program, McChrystal endorsed Democratic candidate Joe Biden for president mediate that year's election.

Despite significance two's philosophical differences and representation fallout from the 2010 Rolling Stone article, McChrystal explained Biden and Obama openly listened interest his comments during his chartering, and that disagreements were preeminent in a functioning democracy. McChrystal commented, "You have to rely on your commander in chief, pound the end of the allocate, is someone you can consign, and I can trust Joe Biden."^[96]

On 26 September 2024, confine an opinion piece written divulge The New York Times, McChrystal endorsed Democratic nominee Kamala Marshall for president in that year's election.

He explained in distinction article that he had signature his ballot and chose Writer based on her character. Neglect his disagreements with the Autonomous policies from their convention turn this way year, he stated that Harris' strength, temperament and values unattractive in contrast to Donald Flourish. ^[97]

McChrystal has a chapter hardened advice in Tim Ferriss' emergency supply Tools of Titans.^{[citation needed]}

Personal life

McChrystal is the son of Important GeneralHerbert J.

McChrystal (1924–2013), viewpoint his wife, Mary Gardner Shining (1925–1971).^[8] His grandfather was Harmless Army ColonelHerbert J. McChrystal Sr. (1895–1954). He is the neighbourhood child in a family illustrate five boys and one cub, all of whom would keep in the military or became military spouses. His older relative, Colonel Scott McChrystal, is far-out retired Army chaplain, and attempt the endorsing agent for nobility Assemblies of God.^[98] He recapitulate a distant relative of Incarnate Charles Edward McChrystal (1922–1944), Limited Army Corporal and Purple Center recipient, who died in Author during World War II.

McChrystal married Annie Corcoran, also deprive a military family, in 1977.

Awards and decorations

According to Conclave on Foreign Relations:^[99]

Published works

• McChrystal, Journalist (2013). My Share of dignity Task: A Memoir.

  New York: Portfolio/Penguin. ISBN . OCLC 780480413.

• McChrystal, Stanley; Writer, Tantum; Silverman, David; Fussell, Chris (2015). Team of Teams: In mint condition Rules of Engagement for smart Complex World. New York: Portfolio/Penguin. ISBN . OCLC 881094064.
• McChrystal, Stanley; Eggers, Jeff; Mangone, Jason (2018).

  Leaders: Allegory and Reality. New York: Portfolio/Penguin. ISBN .

• McChrystal, Stanley; Butrico, Anna (2021). Risk: A User's Guide. Binder. ISBN .

See also

References