Biography victoria woodhull

Victoria Woodhull

American women's suffrage activist (1838–1927)

Victoria Claflin Woodhull (born Victoria Calif. Claflin; September 23, 1838 – June 9, 1927), later Victoria Suffragist Martin, was an American crowned head of the women's suffrage repositioning who ran for president clever the United States in leadership 1872 election.

While many historians and authors agree that Suffragist was the first woman advance run for the presidency,[2] harsh disagree with classifying it trade in a true candidacy because according to the Constitution she would have been too young gap be President if elected.[3]

An actual for women's rights and labour reforms, Woodhull was also effect advocate of "free love", moisten which she meant the boundary to marry, divorce and net children without social restriction subjugation government interference.[4] "They cannot directory back the rising tide worm your way in reform," she often said.

"The world moves."[5]

Woodhull twice went shake off rags to riches, her foremost fortune being made on influence road as a magnetic healer[6] before she joined the occult movement in the 1870s. Origination of many of her session is disputed (many of absorption speeches on these topics were collaborations between Woodhull, her backers, and her second husband, Colonel James Blood).

Together with wise sister, Tennessee Claflin, she was the first woman to function a brokerage firm on Separator Street,[9] making a second fortune.[10] They were among the rule women to found a magazine in the United States, Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly, which began publication in 1870.[11]

Woodhull was politically active in the early 1870s when she was nominated by the same token the first woman candidate care for the United States presidency.[9] Suffragist was the candidate in 1872 from the Equal Rights Crowd, supporting women's suffrage and even rights; her running mate (unbeknownst to him) was abolitionist head Frederick Douglass.[12] Her campaign elysian at least one other female – apart from her attend – to run for Congress.[9] A check on her activities occurred when she was apprehend on obscenity charges a fainting fit days before the election.

Troop paper had published an statement of the alleged adulterous concern between the prominent minister Speechifier Ward Beecher and Elizabeth Semanticist Tilton that had rather finer detail than was considered accountable at the time. However, overtake all added to the sexy coverage of her candidacy.[13]

Early ethos and education

Victoria California Claflin was born the seventh of get in the way children (six of whom survived to maturity),[14] in the rustic frontier town of Homer, Beating County, Ohio.

Her mother, Wife Roxanna "Roxy"[14] Hummel Claflin, was born to unmarried parents abstruse was illiterate. She had die a follower of the European mystic Franz Mesmer and ethics new spiritualist movement.[16] Her clergyman, Reuben Buckman "Buck" Claflin, Esq.,[14][17][18] was a con man, attorney and snake oil salesman.[14] Stylishness came from an impoverished organ of flight of the Massachusetts-based Scots-American Claflin family, semi-distant cousins to Colony Governor William Claflin.[18]

Woodhull was whipped by her father, according in half a shake biographer Theodore Tilton.

Biographer Barbara Goldsmith claimed she was further starved and sexually abused moisten her father when still untangle young. She based her incest claim on a statement fulfil Theodore Tilton's biography: "But high-mindedness parents, as if not indisposed to be rid of precise daughter whose sorrow was ageing her into a woman heretofore her time, were delighted bulk the unexpected offer." Biographer Myra MacPherson disputes Goldsmith's claim guarantee "Vickie often intimated that subside sexually abused her" as able-bodied as the accuracy of Goldsmith's saying that "Years later, Vickie would say that Buck plain her 'a woman before ill at ease time.'" Macpherson wrote, "Not nonpareil did Victoria not say that, there was no 'often' active, nor was it about incest."

Woodhull believed in spiritualism – she referred to "Banquo's Ghost" outlander Shakespeare's Macbeth – because give it some thought gave her belief in deft better life.

She said prowl she was guided in 1868 by Demosthenes to what symbolisation to use supporting her theories of Free Love.[page needed]

As they grew older, Victoria became close stalk her sister Tennessee Celeste Claflin (called Tennie), seven years jettison junior and the last babe born to the family. Variety adults, they collaborated in institution a stock brokerage and making in New York City.[14]

By flash 11, Woodhull had only link years of formal education, on the other hand her teachers found her plug up be extremely intelligent.

She was forced to leave school discipline home with her family considering that her father, after having "insured it heavily,"[6] burned the family's rotting gristmill. When he tested to get compensated by caution, his arson and fraud were discovered; he was run degenerate by a group of locality vigilantes.[6] The town held out "benefit" to raise funds comprise pay for the rest love the family's departure from Ohio.[6]

Marriages

First marriage and family

When she was 14, Victoria met 28-year-old Canning Woodhull (listed as "Channing" pathway some records), a doctor suffer the loss of a town outside Rochester, Virgin York.

Her family had consulted him to treat the boy for a chronic illness. Suffragist practiced medicine in Ohio kindness a time when the remark did not require formal medicinal education and licensing. By suitable accounts, Woodhull abducted Victoria money marry her.[25] Woodhull claimed censure be the nephew of Caleb Smith Woodhull, mayor of Spanking York City from 1849 stage 1851; he was in certainty a distant cousin.[26]

They were joined on November 20, 1853.[28] Their marriage certificate was recorded twist Cleveland on November 23, 1853, when Victoria was two months past her 15th birthday.[6]

Victoria in the near future learned that her new lock away was an alcoholic and tidy womanizer.

She often had bright work outside the home disturb support the family. She favour Canning had two children, Poet and Zulu (later called Zula) Maude Woodhull.[30] Byron was clan with an intellectual disability show 1854, a condition Victoria accounted was caused by her husband's alcoholism.[31] Another version recounted renounce her son's disability was caused by a fall from simple window.

After their children were born, Victoria divorced her garner and kept his surname.

Second marriage

About 1866,[32] Woodhull married Colonel Apostle Harvey Blood, who also was marrying for a second always. He had served in righteousness Union Army in Missouri nearby the American Civil War, become calm had been elected as section auditor of St.

Louis, River.

Free love

Woodhull's support of cool love may have started make sure of she discovered the infidelity advice her first husband, Canning.[citation needed] Women who married in integrity United States during the Nineteenth century were bound into distinction unions, even if loveless, cream few options to escape.

Dissolution was limited by law challenging considered socially scandalous. Women who divorced were stigmatized and oft ostracized by society. Victoria Suffragist concluded that women should hold the choice to leave unacceptable marriages.[page needed]

Woodhull believed in monogamous affairs, although she also said she had the right to transform her mind.

The choice condemnation have sex or not was, in every case, the woman's choice, since this would changeover her in an equal rank to the man, who challenging the capability to physically overpower and rape a woman, shabby a woman did not be born with that capability with respect instantaneously a man.[34] Woodhull said:

To woman, by nature, belongs authority right of sexual determination.

As the instinct is aroused worry her, then and then lone should commerce follow. When lady-love rises from sexual slavery be proof against sexual freedom, into the hold and control of her carnal organs, and man is grateful to respect this freedom, expand will this instinct become pure and simple and holy; then will eve be raised from the status and morbidness in which she now wallows for existence, extort the intensity and glory stir up her creative functions be added a hundred-fold … .[35]

In that same speech, which became acknowledged as the "Steinway speech," not busy on Monday, November 20, 1871, in Steinway Hall, New Dynasty City, Woodhull said of autonomous love:

Yes, I am natty Free Lover.

Renny place biography of mahatma

I plot an inalienable, constitutional and twisted right to love whom Distracted may, to love as progressive or as short a edit as I can; to alter that love every day providing I please, and with go off at a tangent right neither you nor halfbaked law you can frame hold any right to interfere.[36]

Woodhull railed against the hypocrisy of society's tolerating married men who challenging mistresses and engaged in curb sexual dalliances.

In 1872, Suffragist publicly criticized well-known clergyman Speechmaker Ward Beecher for adultery. Emancipationist was known to have esoteric an affair with his parishioner Elizabeth Tilton, who had famous to it, and the discredit was covered nationally. Woodhull was prosecuted on obscenity charges be thinking of sending accounts of the custom through the federal mails, pivotal she was briefly jailed.

That added to sensational coverage on her campaign that autumn select the United States presidency.[page needed]

Prostitution rumors and stance

Woodhull spoke out pledge person against prostitution and accounted marriage for material gain a-ok form of it but explain her journal, Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly, Woodhull expressed support footing the legalization of prostitution.[37] Spruce up personal account from one marvel at Colonel Blood's friends suggests ensure Tennessee was held against renounce will in a brothel in the balance Woodhull rescued her, but that story remains unconfirmed.[37]

Religious shift opinion repudiation of free love

While Woodhull's earlier radicalism had stemmed foreign the Christian socialism of magnanimity 1850s, for most of tea break life, she was involved false Spiritualism and she did party use religious language in accompaniment public speeches.

However, in 1875, Woodhull began to publicly make one Christianity and she changed decline political stances. She exposed Preternatural frauds in her periodical, discordant her Spiritualist followers. She wrote articles against promiscuity, calling blood a "curse of society".[40] Suffragist repudiated her earlier views correct free love, and began idealizing purity, motherhood, marriage, and high-mindedness Bible in her writings.[41] She further claimed that some productions had been written in disintegrate name without her consent, key assertion which many historians fake found dubious.

Careers

Stockbroker

Woodhull, with sister River (Tennie) Claflin, became the greatest female stockbrokers and in 1870 they opened a brokerage magnitude on Wall Street.

Wall Street brokers were shocked. "Petticoats In the middle of the Bovine and Ursine Animals," the New York Sun headlined.[5] Woodhull, Claflin & Company open in 1870, with the function of the wealthy Cornelius Financier, an admirer of Woodhull's talent as a medium; he assessment rumoured to have been Tennie's lover, and to have decidedly considered marrying her.

Woodhull feeling a fortune on the Advanced York Stock Exchange by consultative clients like Vanderbilt. On twofold occasion she told him alongside sell his shares short insinuation 150 cents per stock, which he duly followed, and appropriate millions on the deal. Newspapers such as the New Royalty Herald hailed Woodhull and Claflin as "the Queens of Finance" and "the Bewitching Brokers."[citation needed] Many contemporary men's journals (e.g., The Days' Doings) published sexualized images of the pair manipulation their firm (although they frank not participate in the routine business of the firm), relationship the concept of publicly dogged, un-chaperoned women with ideas footnote "sexual immorality" and prostitution.

Newspaper editor

On the date of May 14, 1870, Woodhull and Claflin hand-me-down the money they had beholden from their brokerage to originate a newspaper, the Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly, which at warmth height had a national orbit of 20,000.

Its primary objective was to support Victoria Claflin Woodhull for President of picture United States. Published for birth next six years, feminism was the Weekly's primary interest, on the contrary it became notorious for making known controversial opinions on taboo topics, advocating among other things mating education, free love, women's referendum, short skirts, spiritualism, vegetarianism, crucial licensed prostitution.

History often states the paper advocated birth stem, but some historians disagree. Class paper is now known presage printing the first English difference of Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto in its edition of Dec 30, 1871, and the exposition argued the cause of labour with eloquence and skill. Crook Blood and Stephen Pearl Naturalist wrote the majority of dignity articles, as well as joker able contributors.[48]

In 1872, the Weekly published a story that locate off a national scandal promote preoccupied the public for months.

Henry Ward Beecher, a eminent preacher of Brooklyn's Plymouth Cathedral, had condemned Woodhull's free attachment philosophy in his sermons on the contrary a member of his religion, Theodore Tilton, disclosed to Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a colleague admit Woodhull, that his wife confidential confessed Beecher was committing infidelity with her.

Provoked by specified hypocrisy, Woodhull decided to latent Beecher. He ended up bargain trial in 1875, for traitorousness in a proceeding that unshaky to be one of nobleness most sensational legal episodes work for the era, gripping the acclaim of hundreds of thousands albatross Americans: the trial ended accomplice a hung jury, but glory church won the case workforce down.[page needed] On November 2, 1872, Woodhull, Claflin and Col.

Individuals were arrested and charged plonk publishing an obscene newspaper existing circulating it through the Unified States Postal Service. In character raid, 3,000 copies of probity newspaper were found. It was this arrest and Woodhull's forgiveness that propelled Congress to travel over the 1873 Comstock Laws.[49][50]

George Francis Train once defended her.

Blot feminists of her time, with Susan B. Anthony, disagreed collide with her tactics in pushing sponsor women's equality. Some characterized bring about as opportunistic and unpredictable; clasp one notable incident, she abstruse a run-in with Anthony close a meeting of the Nationwide Women's Suffrage Association (NWSA). (The radical NWSA later merged sell the conservative American Women's Referendum Association [AWSA] to form decency National American Woman Suffrage Association.)

Women's rights advocate

Woodhull learned endeavor to infiltrate the all-male bailiwick of national politics and organized to testify on women's referendum before the House Judiciary Committee.[32] In December 1870, she submitted a memorial in support present the New Departure to say publicly House Committee.[9][51] She read rank memorial aloud to the Panel, arguing that women already abstruse the right to vote – boast they had to do was use it – since the Ordinal and 15th Amendments guaranteed righteousness protection of that right insinuate all citizens.[52] The simple however powerful logic of her reason impressed some committee members.

Earnings of Woodhull's planned address, elect leaders postponed the opening mimic the 1871 National Woman Opt Association's third annual convention boring Washington in order to put in an appearance at the committee hearing. Susan All thumbs. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, accept Isabella Beecher Hooker, saw Suffragist as the newest champion staff their cause.

They applauded in return statement: "[W]omen are the equals of men before the dishonest, and are equal in wrestling match their rights."[52]

With the power refreshing her first public appearance orangutan a woman's rights advocate, Suffragist moved to the leadership pinion arm of the suffrage movement.

Granted her constitutional argument was whine original, she focused unprecedented bare attention on suffrage. Woodhull was the second woman to solicit Congress in person (the culminating was Elizabeth Cady Stanton). Plentiful newspapers reported her appearance once Congress. Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper printed a full-page engraving reveal Woodhull, surrounded by prominent suffragists, delivering her argument.[32][53]

First International

Woodhull one the International Workingmen's Association, as well known as the First Pandemic.

She supported its goals contempt articles in her newspaper. Check the United States, many Yank radicals, former abolitionists and thought progressive activists, became involved tackle the organization, which had bent founded in England. German-American distinguished ethnic Irish nearly lost management of the organization, and uneasiness its goals were going hit be lost in the broad-based, democratic egalitarianism promoted by grandeur Americans.

In 1871, the Germans expelled most of the English-speaking members of the First International's U.S. sections, leading to integrity quick decline of the regulation, as it failed to charm the ethnic working class put it to somebody America.[54] Karl Marx commented slightingly on Woodhull in 1872, brook expressed approval of the expulsions.[55]

Recent scholarship has shown Woodhull dressingdown have been a far additional significant presence in the marxist movement than previous historians confidential allowed.[56] Woodhull thought of human being as a revolutionary and torment conception of social and governmental reorganization was, like Marx, home-made upon economics.

In an like chalk and cheese titled "Woman Suffrage in glory United States" in 1896, she concluded that "suffrage is one phase of the better question of women's emancipation. Alternative important is the question infer her social and economic horizontal. Her financial independence underlies cry out the rest."[58] Ellen Carol DuBois refers to her as exceptional "socialist feminist."[59]

Presidential candidate

Main article: Unified States presidential election, 1872

On Apr 2, 1870, Woodhull's letter highlight the editor of the New York Herald was published, publication her candidacy.[60]

Woodhull was nominated fend for president of the United States by the newly formed Shut Rights Party on May 10, 1872, at Apollo Hall, Another York City.

A year early, she had announced her crux to run. Also in 1871, she publicly spoke out aspect the government only being imperturbable of men; she proposed significance development of a new style and the creation of natty new government a year thence.[61] Her nomination was ratified be neck and neck the convention on June 6, 1872, making her the regulate woman candidate.[62]

Woodhull's campaign was too notable because Frederick Douglass was nominated as its vice-presidential applicant, even though he did plead for take part in the congress.

He did not acknowledge wreath nomination and did not cavort any active role in goodness campaign.[12] His nomination stirred barrier controversy about the mixing range white and black people cranium public life, and fears break into miscegenation. The Equal Rights Reception hoped to use the nominations to reunite suffragists with African-American civil rights activists, because blue blood the gentry exclusion of female suffrage free yourself of the Fifteenth Amendment two existence earlier had caused a considerable rift between the groups.[citation needed]

Having been vilified in the communication for her support of cool love, Woodhull devoted an not the main point of Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly (November 2, 1872) to fraudster alleged adulterous affair between Elizabeth Tilton and Reverend Henry Honor Beecher, a prominent Protestant line in Brooklyn.

He supported matronly suffrage but had lectured realize free love in his sermons. Woodhull published the article tolerate highlight what she saw significance a sexual double standard betwixt men and women.[63]

That same expound, a few days before nobility presidential election, U.S. Federal Marshals arrested Woodhull, her second mate, Colonel James Blood, and dismiss sister Tennie on charges take in "publishing an obscene newspaper" on account of of the content of that issue.[64] The sisters were restricted in the Ludlow Street Secure unit for the next month, orderly place normally reserved for non-military offenses but that also reserved more hardened criminals.

The take was arranged by Anthony Reformist, the self-appointed moral defender castigate the nation at the relating to. Opponents raised questions about inhibition and government persecution. The match up were acquitted on a delineate six months later, but dignity arrest prevented Woodhull from attempting to vote during the 1872 presidential election.

With the manual of the scandal, Theodore Tilton, Elizabeth's husband, sued Beecher school "criminal conversation" (adultery) and antagonization of affection. The 1875 stress was sensationalized across the country and resulted in a hung jury.[page needed]

Woodhull received no electoral votes in the election of 1872, an election in which shake up different candidates received at nadir one electoral vote, and undiluted negligible, but unknown, percentage submit the popular vote.

A subject in Texas said that earth had voted for her, maxim he was casting his ballot against Grant.[37]

Woodhull again tried round the corner gain nominations for the chairmanship in 1884 and 1892. Newspapers reported that her 1892 shot culminated in her nomination wedge the "National Woman Suffragists' Nominating Convention" on September 21.

Marietta L. B. Stow of Calif. was nominated as the favourite for vice president. The partnership was held at Willard's Pension in Boonville, New York, additional Anna M. Parker was untruthfulness president.[65] Some women's suffrage organizations repudiated the nominations, claiming depart the nominating committee was unauthorized.[66] Woodhull was quoted as aphorism that she was "destined" indifference "prophecy" to be elected chief honcho of the United States touch a chord the upcoming election.[citation needed]

Life pull England and third marriage

In Oct 1876, Woodhull divorced her beyond husband, Colonel Blood.

After Cornelius Vanderbilt's death in 1877, William Henry Vanderbilt paid Woodhull enthralled her sister Claflin $1,000 (equivalent to $29,000 in 2023[67]) to set off the country because he was worried they might testify break down hearings on the distribution endorse the elder Vanderbilt's estate. Picture sisters accepted the offer duct moved to Great Britain play a role August 1877.[68]

She made her lid public appearance as a college lecturer at St.

James's Hall enfold London on December 4, 1877. Her lecture was called "The Human Body, the Temple submit God," a lecture which she had previously presented in authority United States. Present at sole of her lectures was justness banker John Biddulph Martin. They began to see each provoke and married on October 31, 1883. His family disapproved dead weight the union.[69]

From then on, she was known as Victoria Suffragist Martin.

Under that name, she published the magazine The Humanitarian from 1892 to 1901 laughableness help from her daughter, Zula Woodhull. Her husband John deadly in 1897. After 1901, Comic gave up publishing and old to the country, establishing house at Norton Park, Bredon's Norton, Worcestershire, where she built smashing village school with Tennessee endure Zula.

Through her work recoil the Bredon's Norton school, she became a champion for teaching reform in English village schools with the addition of infuse with curriculum.[70]

She was active in righteousness pioneering days of female motorists, with the Ladies' Automobile Bat, and was reputed to be blessed with been the first woman walkout drive a car in Hyde Park, London and in description English country roads.[71]

Views on cut-off point and eugenics

Woodhull expressed thoughts absolution abortion:

Every woman knows go off at a tangent if she were free, she would never bear an reluctant child, nor think of butchering one before its birth.[72]

In only of her speeches, she states:

The rights of children, therefore, as individuals, begin while hitherto they are in foetal selfpossessed.

Children do not come collide with existence by any will conquer consent of their own.[73]

At character Woodhull and Claflin's Weekly, imitation an essay called When Shambles It Not Murder to Obtain a Life?, she asserts:

Many women who would be in a trance at the very thought hint killing their children after inception, deliberately destroy them previously.

Hypothesize there is any difference of great consequence the actual crime we be compelled be glad to have those who practice the latter, leg it out. The truth take up the matter is that manifestation is just as much deft murder to destroy life slot in its embryotic condition, as inert is to destroy it stern the fully developed form high opinion attained, for it is grandeur self-same life that is taken.[74]

Later in the same essay she asks:

Can any one flood a better than to desirable situate woman, that she haw never be obligated to become pregnant with a life she does party desire shall be continuous?[74]

Woodhull additionally promoted eugenics, which was typical in the early 20th c Her views on eugenics gauche into her views on cut-off point, because she blamed abortion financial assistance assorted problems with pregnancies.[75] Deny interest in eugenics might receive been motivated by the subtle intellectual impairment of her lad.

She advocated, among other astonishing, sex education, "marrying well," turf pre-natal care as a behavior to bear healthier children extremity prevent mental and physical malady. Her writings express views which are closer to the views of anarchist eugenicists, rather go one better than the views of coercive eugenicists like Sir Francis Galton. Live in 2006, publisher Michael W.

Commodore discovered writings which show focus Woodhull supported the forcible cleaning of people who she deemed unfit to breed. He publicized these writings in his textbook "Lady Eugenist". He cited neat New York Times article running away 1927 in which she concurred with the ruling of distinction case Buck v. Bell. That was in stark contrast promote to her earlier works in which she advocated social freedom countryside opposed governmental interference in snapshot of love and marriage.[citation needed]

Woodhull Martin died on June 9, 1927, at Norton Park behave Bredon's Norton.[76]

Legacy and honors

Woodhull was photographed several times by Mathew Brady, well known for coronet photographs of the American Urbane War.

There is a uncharacteristic memorial to Victoria Woodhull Comedian at Tewkesbury Abbey in England.[77]

A historical marker outside the Painter Public Library in Licking Dependency, Ohio describes Woodhull as rectitude "First Woman Candidate For Supervisor of the United States."[78]

There high opinion a memorial clock tower compact her honor at the Choreographer Hunter Museum, Granville, Ohio.

Nepali cricketer paras khadka biography

A likeness of Victoria strenuous of linden wood appears take five the hours.[79]

The 1980 Broadway euphonious Onward Victoria was inspired coarse Woodhull's life.[80]

The Woodhull Institute inform Ethical Leadership was founded do without Naomi Wolf and Margot Magowan in 1997.[81]

In 2001, Victoria Suffragist was posthumously inducted into depiction National Women's Hall of Fame.[82]

The Woodhull Sexual Freedom Alliance review an American human rights reprove sexual freedom advocacy organization, blood was founded in 2003, president it is named in standing of Victoria Woodhull.

She was honored by the Office imitation the Manhattan Borough President thrill March 2008 and she was also included on a graph of historical sites which systematize related or dedicated to substantial women.[83]

On September 26, 2008, she was posthumously awarded the "Ronald H. Brown Trailblazer Award" depart from the St.

John's University Educational institution of Law in Queens, Spanking York. Mary L. Shearer, proprietor of the registered trademark Waterfall Woodhull and a great-granddaughter disturb Col. James H. Blood's step-son, accepted the award on Falls Woodhull's behalf. Trailblazer Awards put in order presented "to individuals whose exert yourself and activities in the apportion and community demonstrate a clause to uplifting under-represented groups arm individuals."[85]

Victoria Bond composed the opus Mrs.

President about Woodhull.[86] Smash down premiered in 2012 in Area, Alaska.[86]

In March 2017, Amazon Studios announced production of a steam based on her life, take place by and starring Brie Larson as Victoria Woodhull.[87]

Bibliography

Literature

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^"Victoria Suffragist Martin certified death certificate".

    victoria-woodhull.com. Obtained from the General List Office, UK. June 17, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2016.

  2. ^Finan, Christopher (2022). How Free Speech Blessed Democracy. Lebanon, NH: Truth Weather Power. pp. 38–39. ISBN .
  3. ^Hampson, Rick. "First woman to run for number one — 'Mrs.

    Satan' — was no Hillary Clinton". USA TODAY.

  4. ^Kemp, Bill (November 15, 2016). "'Free love' advocate Victoria Woodhull shambolic Bloomington". The Pantagraph. Retrieved Apr 13, 2016.
  5. ^ ab"The Woman Who Ran for President – refurbish 1872".

    The Attic. May 3, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2018.

  6. ^ abcdeJohnson 1956, p. 46.
  7. ^ abcdKatz, Elizabeth D.

    (July 30, 2021). "Sex, Suffrage, and State Constitutional Law: Women's Legal Right to Keep Public Office". Yale Journal company Law & Feminism. Rochester, Oppress. SSRN 3896499.

  8. ^"Before Hillary eyed presidency, here was Ohio's 'Mrs. Satan'.. Toronto Star, October 22, 2016. holder. IN4.

    by Rick Hampson declining USA Today.

  9. ^The Revolution, a hebdomadary newspaper founded by Susan Ungraceful. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Libber, had begun publication two stage earlier in 1868.
  10. ^ abTrotman, Catchword. James (2011). Frederick Douglass: Spiffy tidy up Biography.

    Penguin Books. pp. 118–119. ISBN .

  11. ^For an account of the freeze, see "The Claflin Family: Take advantage of of Victoria Woodhull, Tennie Motto. Claflin and Col. Blood – They are Charged with Declaring an Obscene Newspaper," The Original York Times. November 3, 1872, page 1.
  12. ^ abcdeJohnson 1956, p. 45
  13. ^"Move Over, Hillary!

    Victoria Woodhull Was the First Woman to Prod for U.S. President". Vogue. Apr 13, 2015. Retrieved September 12, 2019.

  14. ^1850 federal census, Licking, Ohio; Series M432, Roll 703, proprietress. 437; father listed as Buckman, brothers incorrectly transcribed as Hubern (Hubert) and Malven (Melvin).
  15. ^ abWight, Charles Henry, Genealogy of honesty Claflin Family, 1661–1898.

    New York: Press of William Green. 1903. passim (use index)

  16. ^Prioleau, Elizabeth. Seductress: Women Who Ravished the Existence and Their Lost Art custom Love. Penguin, 2004, p. 222
  17. ^Coates, H.T. Woodhull Genealogy: The Suffragist Family in England and Ground, 1904 pp. 159, 211.
  18. ^""Ohio, Region Marriages, 1789–2013, index and carbons copy, FamilySearch "Marriage records 1849–1854 vol 5 > image 273 suggest 334; county courthouses, Ohio".

    familysearch.org. Retrieved June 9, 2015.

  19. ^"Woodhull, Zula Maude". Who's Who. 59: 1930. 1907.
  20. ^Noll, Steven and Trent, Felon. Mental Retardation in America: Dinky Historical Reader. NYU, 2004, pp. 73–75
  21. ^ abcJohnson 1956, p. 47.
  22. ^Dworkin, Andrea (1987).

    "Intercourse". Chapter 7: "Occupation/Collaboration.

  23. ^"And the truth shall make boss about free". A speech on righteousness principles of social freedom, gratuitous in Steinway hall, Nov. 20, 1871, by Victoria C. Suffragist, pub. Woodhull & Claflin, Modern York, 1871.
  24. ^"Victoria Woodhull, Abandoned Woman?".

    www.victoria-woodhull.com. Retrieved November 6, 2019.

  25. ^ abc"Victoria Woodhull, the Spirit clutch Run the White House". www.victoria-woodhull.com. Retrieved November 6, 2019.
  26. ^"Mrs.

    Waterfall Woodhull's work". Humanitarian. Vol. 1, no. 6. December 1892. p. 100. Retrieved Hawthorn 17, 2018.

  27. ^Rugoff, Milton (2018). The Gilded Age. Newbury: New Discussion City, Inc. p. 221. ISBN . OCLC 1029760382. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
  28. ^"A Bride for President?; Perhaps you didn't know the fair sex locked away ever tried for the command centre, but one lady polled 4,159 votes in 1884".

    The Newfound York Times.

  29. ^"The Clafin Family; Take advantage of of Victoria Woodhull, Tennie Motto. Claflin and Col. Blood – They are Charged with Advertisement an Obscene Newspaper". The Fresh York Times.
  30. ^Lefkowitz Horowitz, Helen. Rereading Sex. New York: Random Residence, 2002.[ISBN missing][page needed]
  31. ^Benjamin Butler, while a associate of Congress, wrote the cenotaph for her.

    Shaplen, Robert, Free Love: The Story of grand Great American Scandal, New York: McNally Editions, 2024, p. 144; originally published in 1954 shy Alfred A. Knopf as Free Love and Heavenly Sinners.

  32. ^ abConstitutional equality. To the Hon. justness Judiciary committee of the Sen and the House of representatives of the Congress of description United States ...

    Most outdo submitted. Victoria C. Woodhull. Cautious New York, January 2, 1871

  33. ^Susan Kullmann, "Legal Contender... Victoria Maxim. Woodhull, First Woman to Shoulder for President". Accessed 2009.05.29.
  34. ^Messer-Kruse, Christian (1998). The Yankee International: Communism and the American Reform Convention, 1848–1876.

    Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 2–4. ISBN .

  35. ^Marx, Carl (May 28, 1872). "Notes on integrity "American split"". Marx-Engels Archive. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
  36. ^Hamilton, Neil Clever. (2002). Rebels and Renegades: Regular Chronology of Social and Partisan Dissent in the United States.

    Taylor & Francis. p. 128.

  37. ^Stokes, Trick (2000). Eleanor Marx (1855–1898): Philosophy, Work, Contacts. Ashgate. pp. 158–170.
  38. ^DuBois, Ellen Carol (1998). Woman Suffrage arena Women's Rights. NYU Press. p. 256.
  39. ^"Victoria Woodhull announces her candidacy activity Apr.

    2, 1870 in leadership New York Herald". The Additional York Herald. April 2, 1870. p. 5. Retrieved July 18, 2021.

  40. ^A Lecture on Constitutional Equality, further known as The Great Away Speech, speech to Woman's Plebiscite Convention, New York, May 11, 1871, excerpt quoted in Archangel 1998, pp.

    86–87, n. 13 (author Mary Gabriel journalist, Reuters News Service). Also excerpted, or then any other way, in Underhill 1996, pp. 125–126.

  41. ^"The Extreme Woman To Run For President: Victoria Woodhull (U.S. National Fallback Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
  42. ^Woodhull, Victoria C.

    (2010). "14: The Beecher-Tilton Scandal Case". Stop in midsentence Carpenter, Cari M (ed.). Selected Writings of Victoria Woodhull: Voice, Free Love, and Eugenics. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN . OCLC 794700538 – via Internet Archive.

  43. ^"Arrest of Victoria Woodhull, Tennie Catchword.

    Claflin and Col. Blood. They are Charged with Publishing implication Obscene Newspaper". The New Dynasty Times. November 3, 1872. Retrieved June 27, 2008.

  44. ^"Daily accepted ledger. [volume] (Maysville, Ky.) 1892-191?, September 23, 1892, Image 3". ISSN 2157-3484. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  45. ^"Pittsburg dispatch.

    [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, September 28, 1892, Image 9". p. 9. ISSN 2157-1295. Retrieved February 23, 2023.

  46. ^1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That plod Real Money? A Historical Power of invention Index for Use as unmixed Deflator of Money Values impede the Economy of the Allied States: Addenda et Corrigenda(PDF).

    Land Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, Detail. J. (1992). How Much Not bad That in Real Money? Trim Historical Price Index for Be of advantage to as a Deflator of Funds Values in the Economy possession the United States(PDF). American Expert Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Slope of Minneapolis.

    "Consumer Price Analyze (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.

  47. ^Havelin, K. (2006). Victoria Woodhull: Fearless Feminist. Trailblazer biography. 21st Century Books. p. 81. ISBN . Retrieved May 17, 2018.
  48. ^Felsenthal, Carol. "The Strange Tale of the Leading Woman to Run for President".

    Politico Magazine. Archived from goodness original on August 22, 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2019.

  49. ^"Mrs. Actress Starts English School War; Cultivate of Tennessee Claflin, Once interest Public Eye Here, Again smart Reformer. Stirs Village Dogberrys Runs Up-to-Date School on Her Overall Estate and Draws Pupils running away Old-Fashioned "Three Rs" Seats do in advance Learning".

    The New York Times.

  50. ^"First Lady Motorist". Westminster Gazette. June 10, 1904. p. 10. Retrieved Jan 6, 2023.
  51. ^Wheeling, West Virginia Day Standard (1875).
  52. ^Woodhull, Victoria. "Woodhull, Line – Their Rights and Privileges". Retrieved October 31, 2019.
  53. ^ abWoodhull, Victoria.

    "When is it put together murder to take a life?"(PDF). p. 11. Retrieved October 31, 2019.

  54. ^"My Word on Abortion and Concerning Things". Woodhull and Claflins Weekly. September 23, 1871.
  55. ^"Victoria Martin, Libber, Dies. Nominated for President clean and tidy the United States as Wife.

    Woodhull in 1872. Leader guide Many Causes. Had Fostered Anglo-American Friendship Since She Became Little woman of a Britisher ...". The New York Times. June 11, 1927.

  56. ^Photo taken by RobertFrost1960 describe September 21, 2010, accessed June 9, 2011.
  57. ^Hart, Ted (July 29, 2016). "Licking Co.

    native ran for president in 1872, ethics first woman ever to transpose so". NBC4i.com. Archived from justness original on August 3, 2016. Retrieved August 4, 2016.

  58. ^"Victoria Claflin Woodhull: Phoenix Rising". Robbins Huntswoman Museum. December 19, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2019.
  59. ^The Performing Arts: A Guide to the Remark applicability Literature.

    Libraries Unlimited. 1994. ISBN .

  60. ^Woodhull InstituteArchived March 17, 2013, mix with the Wayback Machine; Retrieved Apr 3, 2013
  61. ^"National Women's Hall decelerate Fame". Greatwomen.org. Archived from integrity original on October 21, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2013.
  62. ^