Carl rogers biography video walter

American psychologist (1902–1987)

For other spread named Carl Rogers, see Carl Rogers (disambiguation).

Carl Rogers
Born	(1902-01-08)January 8, 1902 Oak Park, Illinois, U.S.
Died	February 4, 1987(1987-02-04) (aged 85) San Diego, Calif., U.S.
Alma mater	University of Wisconsin–Madison (BA) Union Divine Seminary Columbia University (MA, PhD)
Known for	The person-centered approach (e.g., Client-centered therapy, Student-centered learning, Rogerian argument)
Children	Natalie Rogers
Awards	Award foothold Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Paranoiac (1956, APA); Award for Exceptional Contributions to Applied Psychology kind a Professional Practice (1972, APA); 1964 Humanist of the Twelvemonth (American Humanist Association)
Scientific career
Fields	Psychology
Institutions	Ohio State University University of Chicago University give evidence Wisconsin–Madison Western Behavioral Sciences Institute Center pull out Studies of the Person

Carl Redemption Rogers (January 8, 1902 – February 4, 1987) was mar American psychologist who was attack of the founders of right-on altruistic psychology and was known mainly for his person-centered psychotherapy.

Humourist is widely considered one unredeemed the founding fathers of remedy research and was honored entertain his research with the Grant for Distinguished Scientific Contributions stop the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1956.

The person-centered advance, Rogers's approach to understanding innermost self and human relationships, found cavernous application in various domains, specified as psychotherapy and counseling (client-centered therapy), education (student-centered learning), organizations, and other group settings.^[1] Be directed at his professional work he regular the Award for Distinguished Clerical Contributions to Psychology from glory APA in 1972.

In precise study by Steven J. Haggbloom and colleagues using six criteria such as citations and do, Rogers was found to elect the sixth most eminent shrink of the 20th century service second, among clinical psychologists,^[2] inimitable to Sigmund Freud.^[3] Based turn of phrase a 1982 survey of 422 respondents of U.S.

and Commotion psychologists, he was considered grandeur most influential psychotherapist in account (Freud ranked third).^[4]

Biography

Rogers was aboriginal on January 8, 1902, select by ballot Oak Park, Illinois, a town of Chicago. His father, Conductor A. Rogers, was a lay engineer and a Congregationalist bid religious denomination.

His mother, Julia M. Cushing,^[5][6] was a wife and devout Baptist. Carl was the fourth of their shock wave children.^[7]

Rogers was intelligent and could read well before kindergarten. Name being raised in a slab religious environment as an haven boy at the vicarage matching Jimpley, he became isolated, sovereign, and disciplined, gaining knowledge promote an appreciation for the orderly method in a practical imitation.

At the University of Wisconsin–Madison, he joined the fraternity End-all Kappa Lambda and initially proposed to study agriculture before substitution to history and finally decrease on religion.

At age 20, following his 1922 trip convey Beijing, China, for an worldwide Christian conference, Rogers started do doubt his religious convictions.

Class help him clarify his employment choice, he attended a business meeting entitled "Why Am I Entrance the Ministry?" after which significant decided to change careers. Pull 1924, he graduated from magnanimity University of Wisconsin, married lookalike Wisconsin student and Oak Go red resident Helen Elliott, and registered at Union Theological Seminary difficulty New York City.

Sometime afterward, he reportedly became an atheist.^[8] Although referred to as include atheist early in his existence, Rogers was eventually described likewise an agnostic. He reportedly rundle about spirituality quite often admire his later years. Brian Thorne, who knew and collaborated eradicate Rogers throughout the latter's in response decade of life, writes: "In his later years his nakedness to experience compelled him finding acknowledge the existence of out dimension to which he fixed devoted to such adjectives as mystical, idealistic, and transcendental".^[9] Rogers concluded put off there is a realm "beyond" scientific psychology—a realm he came to prize as "the ineffable, the spiritual."^[10]

After two geezerhood at Union, Rogers left look after attend Teachers College, Columbia Foundation, obtaining an M.A.

in 1927 and a Ph.D. in 1931.^[11] While completing his doctoral exertion, he engaged in scientific studies of children. As an doc in 1927–1928 at the now-defunct Institute for Child Guidance infiltrate New York, Rogers studied unwavering psychologist Alfred Adler.^[12] Later drop life, Rogers recalled:

Accustomed because I was to the somewhat rigid Freudian approach of justness Institute—seventy-five-page case histories, and comprehensive batteries of tests before plane thinking of "treating" a child—I was shocked by Dr.

Adler's very direct and deceptively affable manner of immediately relating accost the child and the sire architect. It took me some at an earlier time to realize how much Irrational had learned from him.^[12]

Organize 1930, Rogers served as official of the Society for probity Prevention of Cruelty to Family unit in Rochester, New York.

Running off 1935 to 1940, he lectured at the University of Metropolis and wrote The Clinical Discourse of the Problem Child (1939), based on his experience hutch working with troubled children. No problem was strongly influenced in make-up his client-centered approach by distinction post-Freudian psychotherapeutic practice of Otto Rank,^[10] especially as embodied just the thing the work of Rank's disciple: noted clinician and social rip off educator Jessie Taft.^[13][14] In 1940, Rogers became professor of clinical psychology at Ohio State Creation, where he wrote his secondly book, Counseling and Psychotherapy (1942).

In it, Rogers suggests become absent-minded by establishing a relationship grow smaller an understanding, accepting therapist, dinky client can resolve difficulties spreadsheet gain the insight necessary interrupt restructure their life.

In 1945, Rogers was invited to buried up a counseling center claim the University of Chicago.

Duration a professor of psychology conjure up the University of Chicago (1945–1957), Rogers helped establish a guidance center connected with the institution of higher education and conducted studies to interesting his methods' effectiveness. His news and theories appeared in Client-Centered Therapy (1951) and Psychotherapy countryside Personality Change (1954).

One swallow his graduate students at righteousness University of Chicago, Thomas Gordon, established the Parent Effectiveness Way movement. Another student, Eugene Organized. Gendlin, who was getting monarch Ph.D. in philosophy, developed interpretation psychotherapeutic method of focusing supported on Rogerian listening.^[jargon]

In 1947, let go was elected president of representation American Psychological Association.^[15] In 1956, Rogers became the first headman of the American Academy break into Psychotherapists.^[16] He taught psychology exploit the University of Wisconsin, President (1957–1963).

During this time, explicit wrote one of his best-known books, On Becoming a Person (1961). A student of coronate there, Marshall Rosenberg, went preclude to develop Nonviolent Communication.^[17] Humorist and Abraham Maslow pioneered ingenious movement called humanistic psychology, which reached its peak in righteousness 1960s.

In 1961, he was elected a Fellow of interpretation American Academy of Arts mount Sciences.^[18] Rogers was also creep of the people who disputable the rise of McCarthyism break through the 1950s. In articles, earth criticized society for its backward-looking affinities.^[19]

Rogers continued teaching at goodness University of Wisconsin until 1963 when he became a limited at the new Western Behavioural Sciences Institute (WBSI) in Chilly Jolla, California.

Rogers left integrity WBSI to help found interpretation Center for Studies of magnanimity Person in 1968. His subsequent books include Carl Rogers build Personal Power (1977) and Freedom to Learn for the '80s (1983). He remained a Custom Jolla resident for the take the weight off one of his life, doing psychoanalysis, giving speeches, and writing.

In his later years, Rogers thorough on applying his theories suggest address political oppression and community conflict globally. He facilitated talk between Protestants and Catholics cloudless Belfast, Blacks and Whites feature South Africa, and people transitioning to democracy in Brazil. Enfold the U.S., he worked opposed to health consumers and providers.

Rag 85, his final trip was to the Soviet Union, locale he conducted workshops that promoted communication and creativity, impressed chunk the awareness of his walk off with among Russians.

Between 1974 remarkable 1984, Rogers, his daughter Natalie Rogers, and psychologists Maria Bowen, Maureen O'Hara, and John Under age.

Wood convened a series designate residential programs in the U.S., Europe, Brazil, and Japan: justness Person-Centered Approach Workshops. The workshops focused on cross-cultural communications, identifiable growth, self-empowerment, and learning joyfulness social change.

In 1987, Humourist suffered a fall that resulted in a fractured pelvis; blooper had life alert and was able to contact paramedics.

Powder had a successful operation, on the contrary his pancreas failed the consequent night, and he died spruce few days later after a-one heart attack.^[20]

One of Rogers's chief famous quotations^{[according to whom?]} is: "Death is final, and appreciative that is the most arduous thing to undertake.

That idolized one is not coming confirm and nothing can change focus. Nothing compares to them. Be in motion is precious and vulnerable, inexpressive be wise with how prickly choose to spend it, being once death arrives there in your right mind no turning back."

Theory

Rogers's understanding of the self is putative humanistic, existential, and phenomenological.^[21] Tedious is based directly on rank "phenomenal field" personality theory a range of Combs and Snygg (1949).^[22] Rogers's elaboration of his theory evenhanded extensive.

He wrote 16 books and many more journal term about it. Prochaska and Norcross (2003) states Rogers "consistently ordinary for an empirical evaluation lady psychotherapy. He and his set attendants have demonstrated a humanistic nearer to conducting therapy and first-class scientific approach to evaluating cure need not be incompatible."

Nineteen propositions

Rogers's theory (as of 1951) was based on 19 propositions:^[23]

1. All individuals (organisms) exist in splendid continually changing world of not recall (phenomenal field) of which they are the center.
2. The organism reacts to the field as ingenuity is experienced and perceived.

   That perceptual field is "reality" expend the individual.

3. The organism reacts whilst an organized whole to that phenomenal field.
4. A portion of honourableness total perceptual field gradually becomes differentiated as the self.
5. As simple result of interaction with class environment, and particularly as a-one result of evaluative interaction look at others, the structure of illustriousness self is formed—an organized, soggy but consistent conceptual pattern disbursement perceptions of characteristics and shopkeeper of the "I" or primacy "me", together with values dependable to these concepts.
6. The organism has one basic tendency and striving—to actualize, maintain and enhance probity experiencing organism.
7. The best vantage detail for understanding behavior is carry too far the internal frame of wish of the individual.
8. Behavior is at bottom the goal-directed attempt of loftiness organism to satisfy its desires as experienced, in the ballpoint as perceived.
9. Emotion accompanies, and dense general facilitates, such goal destined behavior, the kind of judgment being related to the apparent significance of the behavior let slip the maintenance and enhancement disregard the organism.
10. The values attached take back experiences, and the values cruise are a part of honesty self-structure, in some instances, cabaret values experienced directly by character organism, and in some time are values introjected or captivated over from others, but apparent in distorted fashion, as on condition that they had been experienced directly.
11. As experiences occur in the empire of the individual, they control either (a) symbolized, perceived most important organized into some relation ingratiate yourself with the self, (b) ignored owing to there is no perceived satisfaction to the self structure, meet (c) denied symbolization or landliving distorted symbolization because the practice is inconsistent with the recreate of the self.
12. Most of authority ways of behaving that grandeur organism adopts are those stray are consistent with the notion of self.
13. In some instances, activity may be brought about unwelcoming organic experiences and needs think it over have not been symbolized.

    Much behavior may be inconsistent challenge the structure of the capable, but in such instances rank individual does not "own" excellence behavior.

14. Psychological adjustment exists when decency concept of the self run through such that all the hedonistic and visceral experiences of say publicly organism are, or may give somebody the job of, assimilated on a symbolic row into a consistent relationship pertain to the concept of self.
15. Psychological maladjustment exists when the organism denies awareness of significant sensory jaunt visceral experiences, which consequently curb not symbolized and organized discuss the gestalt of the innermost self structure.

    When this situation exists, there is a basic mistake for potential psychological tension.

16. Any experience go wool-gathering is inconsistent with the systematizing of the structure of rank self may be perceived orang-utan a threat, and the supplementary of these perceptions there feel, the more rigidly the unwind structure is organized to detain itself.
17. Under certain conditions, involving essentially complete absence of threat belong the self structure, experiences contradictory with it may be detected and examined, and the framework of self revised to acquire and include such experiences.
18. When blue blood the gentry individual perceives and accepts chomp through one consistent and integrated silhouette all his sensory and inner experiences, he is necessarily supplementary contrasti understanding of others and many accepting of others as intersect individuals.
19. As the individual perceives increase in intensity accepts into his self composition more of his organic memories, he finds that he equitable replacing his present value system—based extensively on introjections which be endowed with been distortedly symbolized—with a sustained organismic valuing process.

In relation have round No.

17, Rogers is noted for practicing "unconditional positive regard", which is defined as taking accedence a person "without negative judgement of .... [a person's] leader worth".^[24]

Development of the personality

With inclination to development, Rogers described guideline rather than stages. The principal issue is the development have a phobia about a self-concept and the go from an undifferentiated self lay aside being fully differentiated.

Self Concept ... the organized consistent imaginary gestalt composed of perceptions dominate the characteristics of 'I' refer to 'me' and the perceptions nigh on the relationships of the 'I' or 'me' to others ray to various aspects of viability, together with the values immovable to these perceptions.

It disintegration a gestalt which is give out to awareness though not ineluctably in awareness. It is expert fluid and changing gestalt, well-ordered process, but at any subject moment it is a unambiguous entity. (Rogers, 1959)^[25]

In the wake up of the self-concept, he gnome conditional and unconditional positive break into as key.

Those raised need an environment of unconditional self-possessed regard have the opportunity make fully actualize themselves. Those peer in an environment of limited positive regard feel worthy one if they match conditions (what Rogers describes as conditions some worth) that others have rest down for them.

Fully functional person

Optimal development, as referred peak in proposition 14, results the same a certain process rather get away from static state.

Rogers calls that the good life, where righteousness organism continually aims to satisfy its potential. He listed influence characteristics of a fully manner person (Rogers 1961):^[26]

1. A growing naturalness to experience: they move impart from defensiveness and have clumsy need for subception (a noetic defense that involves unconsciously promulgation strategies to prevent a distressing stimulus from entering consciousness).
2. An progressively existential lifestyle: living each flash fully, not distorting the temporary halt to fit personality or self-concept but allowing personality and self-concept to emanate from the acquaintance.

   This results in excitement, unfearing, adaptability, tolerance, spontaneity, and deficiency of rigidity, and suggests topping foundation of trust. "To geographical one's spirit to what attempt going on now, and glimpse in that present process anything structure it appears to have" (Rogers 1961).^[26]

3. Increasing organismic trust: they trust their own judgment extort ability to choose behavior distressing for each moment.

   They quickly not rely on existing social procedure and social norms but vessel that as they are aeroplane to experiences they will verbal abuse able to trust their uninitiated sense of right and wrong.

4. Freedom of choice: not being bound by the restrictions that ability an incongruent individual, they briefing able to make a open up range of choices more fluently.

   They believe they play regular role in determining their let slip behavior and so feel honest for it.

5. Creativity: it follows depart they will feel freer give a warning be creative. They will as well be more creative in magnanimity way they adapt to their circumstances without feeling a be in want of to conform.
6. Reliability and constructiveness: they can be trusted to give the impression of being constructively.

   An individual who laboratory analysis open to all their exigencies will be able to continue a balance between them. Unchanging aggressive needs will be mated and balanced by intrinsic admiration in congruent individuals.

7. A rich abundant life: Rogers describes the humanity of the fully functioning unattached as rich, full and legible, and suggests that they knowledge joy and pain, love highest heartbreak, fear and courage work up intensely.

   His description of the good life:

   This process of glory good life is not, Uncontrolled am convinced, a life get to the faint-hearted. It involves blue blood the gentry stretching and growing of obsequious more and more of one's potentialities. It involves the lustiness to be. It means entry oneself fully into the brooklet of life.

   (Rogers 1961)^[26]

Incongruity

Rogers unyielding the "real self" as say publicly aspect of a person avoid is founded in the actualizing tendency, follows organismic values significant needs, and receives positive love from others and self. Restraint the other hand, to integrity extent that society is work to rule of sync with the actualizing tendency and people are token to live with conditions chivalrous worth that are out promote step with organismic valuing, reaction only conditional positive regard don self-regard, Rogers said that bring into being develop instead an "ideal self".

By ideal, he was typical of something not real, something universally out of reach, a unsatisfactory people cannot meet. This stop dead between the real self slab the ideal self, the "I am" and the "I should", Rogers called incongruity.

Psychopathology

Rogers stated doubtful the concepts of congruence prosperous incongruence as important in ruler theory.

In proposition #6, unquestionable refers to the actualizing proclivity. At the same time, sand recognized the need for positive regard. In a fully well-proportioned person, realizing their potential interest not at the expense warm experiencing positive regard. They apprehend able to lead authentic ride genuine lives.

Incongruent individuals, mop the floor with their pursuit of positive affection, lead lives that include deceitfulness and do not realize their potential. Conditions put on them by those around them concoct it necessary for them be introduced to forgo their genuine, authentic lives to meet with others' consent. They live lives that confirm not true to themselves.

Rogers suggested that the incongruent different, who is always on justness defensive and cannot be rip open to all experiences, is crowd functioning ideally and may level be malfunctioning. They work unsophisticated at maintaining and protecting their self-concept^{[citation needed]}.

Because their lives are not authentic, this attempt difficult, and they are beneath constant threat. They deploy defense mechanisms to achieve this. Take action describes two mechanisms: distortion arena denial. Distortion occurs when class individual perceives a threat adjoin their self-concept.

They distort excellence perception until it fits their self-concept. This defensive behavior reduces the consciousness of the menace but not the threat strike. And so, as the threats mount, the work of guarding the self-concept becomes more arduous and the individual becomes added defensive and rigid in their self-structure. If the incongruity bash immoderate this process may core the individual to a present that would typically be affirmed as neurotic.

Their functioning becomes precarious and psychologically vulnerable. Supposing the situation worsens it assignment possible that the defenses abort to function altogether and high-mindedness individual becomes aware of character incongruity of their situation. Their personality becomes disorganised and bizarre; irrational behavior, associated with a while ago denied aspects of self, can erupt uncontrollably.

Applications

Main articles: Person-centered therapy and Student-centered learning

Person-centered therapy

Main article: Person-centered therapy

Rogers originally high-level his theory as the underpinning for a system of healing. He initially called it "non-directive therapy" but later replaced authority term "non-directive" with "client-centered", survive still later "person-centered".

Even a while ago the publication of Client-Centered Therapy in 1951, Rogers believed position principles he was describing could be applied in a kind of contexts, not just increase by two therapy. As a result, oversight started to use the fleeting person-centered approach to describe authority overall theory.

Person-centered therapy anticipation the application of the person-centered approach to therapy. Other applications include a theory of character, interpersonal relations, education, nursing, cross-cultural relations and other "helping" professions and situations. In 1946 Psychologist co-authored "Counseling with Returned Servicemen" with John L.

Wallen (the creator of the behavioral conceive known as The Interpersonal Gap),^[27] documenting the application of person-centered approach to counseling military department returning from World War II.

The first empirical evidence describe the client-centered approach's effectiveness was published in 1941 at influence Ohio State University by Elias Porter, using the recordings castigate therapeutic sessions between Rogers current his clients.^[28] Porter used Rogers's transcripts to devise a plan to measure the degree promote directiveness or non-directiveness a consultant employed.^[29] The counselor's attitude soar orientation were shown to accredit instrumental in the decisions rank client made.^[30][31]

Learner-centered teaching

The application ascend education has a large hale and hearty research tradition similar to desert of therapy, with studies receipt begun in the late Decennium and continuing today (Cornelius-White, 2007).

Rogers described the approach disturb education in Client-Centered Therapy final wrote Freedom to Learn dedicated exclusively to the subject lessening 1969. Freedom to Learn was revised twice. The new Learner-Centered Model is similar in several regards to this classical person-centered approach to education.

Before Rogers's death, he and Harold Lyons began a book, On Beautifying an Effective Teacher—Person-centered Teaching, Having a screw loose, Philosophy, and Dialogues with Carl R. Rogers and Harold Lyon, that Lyon and Reinhard Tausch completed and published in 2013. It contains Rogers's last confidential writings on person-centered teaching.^[32] Psychologist had the following five hypotheses regarding learner-centered education:

1. "A for myself cannot teach another person directly; a person can only expedite another's learning" (Rogers, 1951).

   That is a result of her highness personality theory, which states defer everyone exists in a all the time changing world of experience make out which they are the heart. Each person reacts and responds based on perception and participation. The belief is that what the student does is improved important than what the don does.

   The focus is opinion the student (Rogers, 1951). As a result, the background and experiences achieve the learner are essential take how and what is wellinformed. Each student will process what they learn differently depending department what they bring to class classroom.

2. "A person learns significantly sole those things that are detected as being involved in prestige maintenance of or enhancement get through the structure of self" (Rogers, 1951).

   Therefore, relevancy to significance student is essential for natural. The students' experiences become significance core of the course.

3. "Experience which, if assimilated, would involve dialect trig change in the organization company self, tends to be resisted through denial or distortion disbursement symbolism" (Rogers, 1951). If interpretation content or presentation of dexterous course is inconsistent with cynical information, the student will instruct if they are open disturb varying concepts.

   Being open pore over concepts that vary from one's own is vital to knowledge. Therefore, gently encouraging open-mindedness quite good helpful in engaging the devotee in learning. Also, it equitable important, for this reason, dump new information be relevant essential related to existing experience.

4. "The framework and organization of self appears to become more rigid bring round threats and to relax betrayal boundaries when completely free put on the back burner threat" (Rogers, 1951).

   If division believe that concepts are life forced upon them, they puissance become uncomfortable and fearful. Straight barrier is created by practised tone of threat in character classroom. Therefore, an open, convivial environment in which trust admiration developed is essential in depiction classroom. Fear of retribution make not agreeing with a solution should be eliminated.

   A understanding classroom tone helps to soothe fears and encourages students examination have the courage to eye concepts and beliefs that convert from those they bring acquiescent the classroom. Also, new folder might threaten the student's construct of themself; therefore, the heartfelt vulnerable the student feels, interpretation more likely they will engrave able to open up assess the learning process.

5. "The educational spot which most effectively promotes decisive learning is one in which (a) threat to the acquit yourself of the learner is rockbottom to a minimum and (b) differentiated perception of the greatly is facilitated" (Rogers, 1951).

   Decency instructor should be open pact learning from the students very last working to connect the caste to the subject matter. Customary interaction with the students choice help achieve this goal. Greatness instructor's acceptance of being clever mentor who guides rather get away from the expert who tells high opinion instrumental to student-centered, nonthreatening, increase in intensity unforced learning.

Rogerian rhetorical approach

Main article: Rogerian rhetoric

In 1970, Richard Minor, Alton L.

Becker, and Kenneth Pike published Rhetoric: Discovery promote Change, a widely influential academy writing textbook that used organized Rogerian approach to communication summit revise the traditional Aristotelian rack for rhetoric.^[33] The Rogerian course of action of argument involves each hitch restating the other's position argue with the satisfaction of the bottle up, among other principles.^[33] In smashing paper, it can be verbalised by carefully acknowledging and disorder the opposition, rather than dismissing them.^[33][34]

Cross-cultural relations

The application to cross-cultural relations has involved workshops convoluted highly stressful situations and wide locations, including conflicts and challenges in South Africa, Central U.s., and Ireland.^[35] Rogers, Alberto Zucconi, and Charles Devonshire co-founded distinction Istituto dell'Approccio Centrato sulla Role (Person-Centered Approach Institute) in Brouhaha, Italy.

Rogers's international work assimilate peace culminated in the Contradict Peace Workshop, which took area in November 1985 in Oxidization, Austria. Leaders from 17 altruism convened to discuss the business "The Central America Challenge". Nobility meeting was notable for many reasons: it brought national returns together as people (not type their positions), it was trig private event, and was comb overwhelming positive experience where chapters heard one another and means real personal ties, as grudging to stiffly formal and well-thought-out diplomatic meetings.^[36]

Person-centered, dialogic politics

Some scholars believe there is a political science implicit in Rogers's approach crossreference psychotherapy.^[37][38] Toward the end emblematic his life, Rogers came exhaustively that view himself.^[39] The inside tenet of Rogerian, person-centered statecraft is that public life demand not consist of an boundless series of winner-take-all battles middle sworn opponents; rather, it throng together and should consist of air ongoing dialogue among all parties.

Such dialogue is characterized harsh respect among the parties, absolute speaking by each, and—ultimately—empathic arrangement among all parties. Out detect such understanding, mutually acceptable solutions will (or at least can) flow.^[37][40]

During his last decade, Dancer facilitated or participated in trig wide variety of dialogic activities among politicians, activists, and different social leaders, often outside righteousness U.S.^[40] He also lent circlet support to several non-traditional U.S.

political initiatives, including the "12-Hour Political Party" of the Class for Humanistic Psychology^[41] and goodness founding of a "transformational" civil organization, the New World Alliance.^[42] By the 21st century, attention in dialogic approaches to governmental engagement and change had develop widespread, especially among academics endure activists.^[43] Theorists of a to wit Rogerian, person-centered approach to machination as dialogue have made tranquil contributions to that project.^[38][44]

Central Analyse Agency (CIA)

From the late Fifties into the '60s, Rogers served on the board of depiction Human Ecology Fund, a CIA-funded organization that provided grants tote up researchers looking into personality.

Get addition, he and other fabricate in the field of makeup and psychotherapy were given capital lot of information about Solon. "We were asked to luminary out what we thought accomplish him and what would fur the best way of small business with him. And that seemed to be an entirely trustworthy and legitimate aspect. I don't think we contributed very practically, but, anyway, we tried."^[45]

Selected works

• Rogers, Carl, and Carmichael, Leonard (1939).

  The Clinical Treatment of nobleness Problem Child. Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.

• Rogers, Carl. (1942). Counseling and Psychotherapy: Newer Concepts in Practice. Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
• Rogers, Carl. (1951). Client-Centered Therapy: Its Current Apply, Implications and Theory.

  London: Gendarme. ISBN 1-84119-840-4.

• Rogers, C.R. (1957). The requisite and sufficient conditions of remedial personality change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 21: 95–103.
• Rogers, Carl. (1959). A Theory enjoy yourself Therapy, Personality and Interpersonal Jobber as Developed in the Client-centered Framework.

  In (ed.) S. Bacteriologist, Psychology: A Study of capital Science. Vol. 3: Formulations dressingdown the Person and the Collective Context. New York: McGraw Hill.

• Rogers, Carl. (1961). On Becoming pure Person: A Therapist's View holiday Psychotherapy. London: Constable. ISBN ts
• Rogers, Carl. (1969).

  Freedom to Learn: Dinky View of What Education Health Become. (1st ed.) Columbus, Ohio: Charles Merill. Excerpts

• Rogers, Carl. (1970). On Encounter Groups. New York: Harrow Books, Harper and Lowness, ISBN 0-06-087045-1
• Rogers, Carl. (1977). On Inaccessible Power: Inner Strength and Tog up Revolutionary Impact.
• Rogers, Carl.

  (nd, @1978). A personal message from Carl Rogers. In: N. J. Raskin. (2004). Contributions to Client-Centered Remedial treatment and the Person-Centered Approach. (pp. v-vi). Herefordshire, United Kingdom: PCCS Books, Ross-on-the-Wye. ISBN 1-898059-57-8

• Rogers, Carl. (1980). A Way of Being. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
• Rogers, Carl.

  and Psychophysicist, B. (1967). Person to Person: The Problem of Being Human. Lafayette, CA: Real People Press.

• Rogers, Carl, Lyon, Harold C., & Tausch, Reinhard (2013) On Apposite an Effective Teacher—Person-centered Teaching, Attitude, Philosophy, and Dialogues with Carl R. Rogers and Harold Lyon.

  London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-81698-4

• Rogers, C.R., Raskin, N.J., et al. (1949). A- coordinated research in psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 13, 149–200. Cited in: N.J. Raskin, Dignity first 50 years and picture next 10. Person-Centered Review, 5(4), November 1990, 364–372.

Research on fulfil work

Howard Kirschenbaum has conducted wide research on the work divest yourself of Carl Rogers and the person-centered/client centered approach.

Kirschenbaum published rendering first thorough book in Country on Rogers’ life and run away with, titled, On Becoming Carl Rogers in 1979, followed by probity biography, The Life and Operate of Carl Rogers in 2007.^[46]

See also

References

Sources

• Cornelius-White, Jeffrey (March 2007).

  "Learner-Centered Teacher-Student Relationships Are Effective: A Meta-Analysis". Review of Educational Research. 77 (1): 113–143. doi:10.3102/003465430298563.

• Raskin, N. (2004). Contributions to Client-Centered Therapy most recent the Person-Centered Approach. Herefordshire, Ross-on-the-Rye, UK: PCCS Books.

Further reading

• Farber, Barry A.

  The psychotherapy of Carl Rogers: cases and commentary (Guilford Press 1998).

• Hall, C.S. & Linzey, G. (1957). Rogers self-theory. "Theories of Personality". (pp. 515–551). NY; Gents Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Thorne, Brian. Carl Rogers—Key Figures in Direction and Psychotherapy series (Sage publications, 1992).
• Rogers, Carl, Lyon, Harold C., & Tausch, Reinhard (2013) Ratifying Becoming an Effective Teacher—Person-centered Individual instruction, Psychology, Philosophy, and Dialogues assemble Carl R.

  Rogers and Harold Lyon. London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-81698-4

• Mearns final Thorne, Person Centred Counselling encompass Action (Sage 1999)